96-3-451
It wasn't all just scolding and nagging. Money spoke too. Mr Bush leant on the rich countries of the G8 to set up a Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative, intended to promote democracy in the region. In Washington, DC, the American taxpayer and federal bureaucracy were enlisted in the freedom agenda's cause. Liz Cheney, a well-connected deputy assistant secretary at the State Department (her father was vice-president), created the Middle East Partnership Initiative, a project that would use American grants and advice to spread political and economic freedom and women's rights. Arab presidents who visited the White House during this period had to endure stiff lectures on the importance of a free press. And so forth.
All this pressure irritated America's Arab friends. The kings, emirs and presidents who depended on American aid, markets and military muscle had suddenly to talk the language of pluralism, knowing full well that the advent of real democracy in their countries could swiftly put them out of their jobs. Nonetheless, they considered it prudent to bend a little.
From Alexandria in 2004 a conference of Arab politicians, intellectuals and civil-society organisations, meeting under the auspices of Egypt's president, issued a declaration expressing support for democratic reform, freer speech and human rights.

A. 어휘
scolding 잔소리, 호된 꾸지람. nagging 성가신 잔소리. lean on ...에 의지하다.
initiative 發議(발의), 솔선. promote 증진하다. federal 聯邦(연방)의.
bureaucracy 관료, 공무원. enlist 참가하다, 징병에 응하다. agenda 議題(의제).
cause 목적, 大義名分(대의명분), 사회적인 운동. well-connected 집안이 좋은.
deputy 보좌관, ...補(보). deputy assistant secretary 부차관보.
the State Department 국무성. vice-president 부통령. grant 下賜金(하사금).
endure 견디다. stiff 딱딱한. lecture 강의. press 언론. so forth 기타 등등.
irritate 짜증나게 하다, 약올리다, 화나게 하다. emir 土侯(토후), 太守(태수).
muscle 근육, 腕力(완력), 힘. pluralism 다원주의. advent 到來(도래), 降臨(강림).
put them out of their jobs 그들을 자리에서 쫓아내다.
nonetheless 그럼에도 불구하고. prudent 현명한, 사려 깊은, 신중한.
bend a little 약간 굽히다. conference 회의. intellectual 지식인.
civil-society organisation 시민사회단체. auspice 主催(주최), 후원, 보호.
issue 공포하다. declaration 선언문.

B. 구문
- intended→which was intended
- knowing→ although they knew

96-4-452
Mr Mubarak promised freer elections in 2005 and introduced a constitutional change to make them possible. In that year's parliamentary elections the main opposition movement, the Muslim Brotherhood, did strikingly well, taking a fifth of the seats in the People's Assembly, the lower house, and would probably have done better still but for heavy police interference on polling day. In 2005 Saudi Arabia held elections (men only) for new local councils (though half the representatives were to be appointed, not elected).
Still, cosmetic and procedural changes such as these were not allowed to interfere for long with the stark realities of power. Two months ago the Saudis announced that the second round of municipal elections was going to be delayed by two years. In Egypt there was never any prospect of a rival candidate being allowed to defeat Mr Mubarak, who has been president since 1981. No Egyptian expects him to leave office before he dies. (Mr Mubarak has refused to appoint a vice-president.)
Since the elections of 2005, moreover, the regime has cracked down hard on its opponents. Ayman Nour, a secular politician who dared to run against Mr Mubarak, was jailed for more than three years on questionable charges. The Bush administration complained loudly about his arrest, but he was released only this year, after Mr Bush himself had left office. In May, shortly after announcing his willingness to stand again, Mr Nour was injured in an attack he blamed on the government.

A. 어휘
constitutional change 헌법개정. parliamentary 議會(의회)의.
opposition 야당, 반대. the Muslim Brotherhood 회교도형제黨(당).
strikingly 놀랄만하게. the People󰡑s Assembly 인민의회.
the lower house 하원. interference 간섭. polling day 선거일.
local councils 지방의회. representative 의원, 대표자. appoint 임명하다.
Still 그럼에도 불구하고, 여전히. cosmetic 장식적인, 화장품. procedural 절차상의.
the stark realities of power 권력의 경직된 현실. Saudis 사우디 아라비아 사람들.
municipal 지방자치의, 市(시)의. delay 연기하다. prospect 可望(가망), 전망.
candidate 후보. defeat 패배시키다. vice-president 부통령. regime 정권, 정부.
cracked down 통렬한 타격을 가하다, 엄하게 조치하다. opponent 반대자.
secular 비종교적인, 세속적인. jail 투옥하다.
on questionable charges 믿기 어려운 罪目(죄목)으로. administration 행정부.
complain 불평하다. arrest 체포.

B. 구문
- would probably have done better still but for heavy police interference
cf. 가정법과거완료→if+S+had+pp...,S+과거조동사(would/could...)+have+pp.
cf. but for=if it had not been for (...이 없었더라면)〈가정법과거완료조건절 대용〉
[경찰의 심한 간섭이 없었더라면 더욱더 잘 했을 것이다.]
- there was never any prospect of a rival candidate being. . . Mr Mubarak.
cf. Noun+of+Gerund(동명사)→ Noun+that+S+V...〈Noun과 Gerund가 동격〉
cf. any prospect that a rival candidate would be allowed. . .
[경쟁후보가 Mr Mubarak을 패배시킬 가망은 전혀 없었다.]