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The Muslim Brotherhood, likewise, has been punished heavily for its success in the elections (though its candidates were allowed to run only as 'independents'). Many of its leaders have since been put under arrest. In 2007 new constitutional amendments banned political parties with a religious orientation and increased the extensive powers of the president. The emergency laws under which Egypt has been governed for most of the past half-century have been extended yet again. The government has stopped broadcasting parliamentary debates or reporting them in the official newspapers. Essam el-Aryan, a jovial though oft-jailed member of the Brotherhood, says police continue to mount repeated raids on members and to close down their businesses.

The wrong messengers
Why did Mr Bush's message of reform fail? One reason, a lot of Arab reformers say, is that he and his colleagues wereor at least becamethe worst possible messengers. Thus Hossam Bahgat, founding director of a pressure group, the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights, admits to having been impressed and surprised when Ms Rice turned up at the American University in Cairo to say exactly what people like him had been longing to hear: that there would be no more American support for dictators. But when the American government then started to defend its own human-rights abuses at Guantanamo and elsewhere, he felt disgusted. "What we learnt from the Bush years was that reform was our own business," he says now.

A. 어휘
The Muslim Brotherhood 회교도 형제黨(당). punish 처벌하다.
candidate 후보. independent 무소속 후보. arrest 체포.
constitutional amendments 헌법 修正(수정). ban 금지하다.
political parties 政黨(정당). religious orientation 종교적 性向(성향).
extensive 포괄적인, 광범위한. powers 권력. emergency 非常措置(비상조치).
govern 통치하다. extend 확장하다. yet 더욱더, 게다가.
parliamentary debates 의회의 토론. official newspapers 국영 신문.
jovial 유쾌한, 명랑한. jovial though oft-jailed 유쾌하지만 종종 감옥에 가는.
mount 산에 오르다, 보초를 배치하다, 수량이 늘다. repeated 반복되는.
raid 기습, 공습, 경찰의 현장 수색. mount repeated raids 반복적인 수색을 강화하다.
close down 폐쇄하다. message 使命(사명), 神託(신탁). reform 개혁.
colleague 동료. messenger 使者(사자). founding director 창설 所長(소장).
pressure group 압력단체. initiative 創始(창시). Ms Rice 부시대통령의 국무장관.
turn up 나타나다. long 갈망하다. dictator 독재자. abuses 학대행위.
Guantanamo 쿠바에 있는 미 해군기지.(아랍 테러용의자 수용소가 있음).
disgusted 역겨운.

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In Arab eyes, the freedom agenda was also tainted by the war in Iraq. How could America claim to have Arab interests at heart while laying waste to one of the Arab world's biggest countries (and, cynical Arabs add, the one most dangerous to Israel)?
Consider the reaction of Nader Fergany, an Egyptian academic, democracy advocate and author of a report published by the United Nations Development Programme the year before the American invasion. The 2002 Arab Human Development Report was extraordinarily frank about the flaws and failures of the Arab world and the urgency of reform. Its author is just the sort of person you might expect to have welcomed Mr Bush's reform effort. But, like many Arab intellectuals, he is still fuming about the war six years on, and not much appeased by the new president's plan to withdraw. "The Americans are the Mongols of the 21st century," he declares, "and now Barack Obama is trying to put the icing on this dirty cake."
Tamara Cofman Wittes, who followed the progress of the Bush administration's democracy promotion in the Arab world closely from her perch at the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC, says in a recent book ("Freedom's Unsteady March", Brookings, 2008) that there were plenty of other flaws in the project's design and execution. But underlying all of them was America's own ambivalence. Might pushing reform too far estrange America's allies and damage its interests? And what if, in a serious democratic contest, Arab voters opted for radical Islamists hostile to the United Statesas Algerians seemed poised to do in 1991, and so many Palestinians and Lebanese did when they cast their votes for Hamas and Hizbullah a decade and a half later?

A. 어휘
agenda 議題(의제). taint 오염되다. claim 주장하다. lay waste to 파괴하다.
cynical Arabs add 냉소적인 아랍인들이 添言(첨언)하다.
reaction 반작용, 반응, 反動(반동). academic 대학교수. advocate 옹호자.
extraordinarily 특별히. invasion 침입. frank 솔직한. flaw 缺陷(결함).
urgency 긴박함. intellectual 지식인. fume 분노하다, 연기를 내다.
the war six years on= the war which is six years on 6년 간 계속되는 전쟁.
appease 마음을 진정시키다. withdraw 철수하다. declare 선언하다.
icing 과자의 糖衣(당의), 얼음의 皮膜(피막). administration 행정부.
promotion 촉진, 장려, 승진. perch 횃대, 안전한 장소, 관객석.
institution 연구소. unsteady 불안정한. execution 집행.
underlying 밑에 있는. ambivalence 二重意識(이중의식), 愛憎(애증) 공존.
estrange 疎遠(소원)하게 하다, 사이가 나빠지게 하다. allies 동맹국들.
damage 損傷(손상)하다. interest 이익. opt for 선택하다.
radical 급진적인, 과격한. hostile 적대적인. poise 어떤 상태에 있게 하다.
poised to do 그렇게 할 상태에 있는. cast-cast-cast 던지다.