97-3-460
It is beyond argument that Asia benefitted from globalisation and an emphasis on exports that were happily consumed by other countries. However, benefiting from free trade is not the same as practising it. Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia and China all built complex filters to allow the import of critical ingredients for production, including technology, capital equipment (when necessary) and energy, while protecting favourite domestic industries from foreign competition.
In return for protective laws, local Asian manufacturers were supposed to be obliged by their governments (or by the regulated banks that executed government policy through the allocation of credit) to produce goods that could compete in open markets against any others. Managers or companies that were not up to this task were swiftly meant to be allowed to fall away. In practice, though, as Mr Schuman shows time and time again, the state, or its regulated banks, often lacked the strength or wisdom to impose such discipline.

A. 어휘
beyond argument 反論(반론)의 여지가 없다, 명백하다. benefit 혜택을 받다.
globalisation 국제화. emphasis 강조, 力點(역점). practise 실행하다.
ingredient 성분, 재료. capital equipment 資本財(자본재). favourite 총애하는.
domestic industries 국내산업. oblige 강요하다.
the regulated banks 정부의 통제를 받는 은행. execute 집행하다.
allocation 할당, 配當(배당). credit 예금, 대출. up to 할 능력이 있는, 하려고 하는.
fall away 멸망하다. in practice 실제로. time and time again 반복해서.
impose 강요하다. discipline 규율, 훈련, 훈계.

97-4-461
Mr Schuman also draws attention to the crucial role America played. Willingly and unwillingly, it provided critical technology, from the transistors at the core of Japan's televisions and radios to the semiconductor designs produced in Taiwan's forges. It accepted products from Japan, South Korea and Taiwan when none of the three showed any reciprocity (something still true in many areas of China's economy today). Moreover, many of America's most dynamic companies were prepared both to open manufacturing operations throughout the region and to place critical initial orders with Asian companies so as to help them launch industries such as India's data outsourcing centres.
Whether America will continue to play a similar role is unclear. Trade imbalances are less tolerated than they once were. Tensions over intellectual property theft are likely to discourage American manufacturers from revealing and licensing technological innovation. Within Asia, friction is growing over self-interested nationalist policies that pit one country's manufacturing sector against another. These tensions are likely to grow over time. Surmounting them will require a miracle. But as Mr Schuman's book makes clear, that is surely no reason to be discouraged.

A. 어휘
crucial 결정적인, 아주 중대한. willingly 기꺼이, 쾌히. critical 결정적인.
core 核心(핵심). semiconductor 半導體(반도체). forge 공장, 대장간의 爐(노).
reciprocity 상호성, 상호이익, 互惠主義(호혜주의).
initial orders 초기생산품구매보증. launch industries 창업하다.
outsourcing 外注(외주). tolerate 너그럽게 보아주다, 관대히 취급하다, 용인하다.
tension 긴장. intellectual property 知的財産(지적재산). theft 절도.
reveal 공개하다. innovation 혁신. friction 마찰, 불화, 軋轢(알력).
pit against 싸움질하다. over time 시간이 가면서. surmount 극복하다, 산에 오르다.