Getting it together at last ¨ê

121-4-564
That growth relied on a state-led development model, financed with foreign debt within a semi-closed economy. But growth also brought inflation, which crippled Brazil until the mid-1990s and still accounts for some odd characteristics, such as the country's painfully high interest rates and its disinclination to save. All the same, the "miracle" wrought by the military government persuaded Brazilians that the state knew best, at least in the economic sphere, and even the subsequent mess did not quite persuade them otherwise.

Unhappy memories
When this development model broke down amid the oil shocks of the 1970s, Brazil was left without the growth but with horrendous inflation and lots of foreign debt. There followed two volatile decades, when Brazil started being likened to Nigeria instead of South Korea. Productivity growth went into reverse. Many of the country's current problems, including crime and poor education and health care, either date from that period or were exacerbated by it. Between 1990 and 1995 inflation averaged 764% a year.
Then a real miracle happened. In 1994 a team of economists under Mr Cardoso, then the finance minister, introduced a new currency, the real, which succeeded where previous attempts had failed. Within a year the Real Plan had managed to curb price rises. In 1999 the exchange-rate peg was abandoned and the currency allowed to float, and the central bank was told to target inflation. The ten-year anniversary of this event has just passed, and although there is continuing debate about how to make the real less volatile, none of the big political parties advocates going back to a managed rate.

A. ¾îÈÖ
state-led ±¹°¡°¡ ñ«Óô(ÁÖµµ)ÇÏ´Â. finance ÀÚ±ÝÀ» ðàÓ¹(Á¶´Þ)ÇÏ´Ù.
foreign debt èâóð(¿Üä). cripple Àý¸§¹ßÀÌ·Î ¸¸µé´Ù, ÙíÕôûù(¹«·ÂÈ­) ½ÃŰ´Ù.
account for ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ´Ù, ¼³¸íÇÏ´Ù. odd ÀÌ»óÇÑ. characteristic ƯÁú, Ư¡.
interest rate ÀÌÀÚÀ². disinclination ¸¶À½ÀÌ ³»Å°Áö ¾ÊÀ½, ÁÖÀúÇÏ´Â °Í.
all the same ±×·¡µµ ¿ª½Ã. work-wrought-wrought ¸¸µé´Ù. persuade ¼³µæÇÏ´Ù.
sphere ¿µ¿ª, Ϲ(±¸). subsequent ±× ÀÌÈÄÀÇ. mess È¥¶õ, ÍÝÌÑ(°ï°æ).
otherwise ´Ù¸¥ ¸é¿¡¼­, ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î. horrendous ²ûÂコ·¯¿î, ¹«¼­¿î.
volatile º¯´ö½º·¯¿î, Æø¹ßÇϱ⠽¬¿î. liken ºñÀ¯ÇÏ´Ù.
productivity »ý»ê¼º. reverse æ½(¿ª), Á¤¹Ý´ë. current ÇöÀçÀÇ.
date from °Å½½·¯ ¿Ã¶ó°¡´Ù, (¾î´À ¿¬´ë·ÎºÎÅÍ) ºñ·ÔµÇ´Ù.
exacerbate ÇÑÃþ ¾ÇÈ­½ÃŰ´Ù. average Æò±Õ...¿¡ ´ÞÇÏ´Ù.
finance minister À繫ºÎÀå°ü. currency ÅëÈ­. real ºê¶óÁúÀÇ È­Æó´ÜÀ§.
curb ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Ù, °í»ß¸¦ ¸Å´Ù. exchange-rate peg ͳïÒüµëÒð¤(°íÁ¤È¯À²Á¦).
abandon ¹ö¸®´Ù. float ȯÀ²À» º¯µ¿½Ã¼¼Á¦·Î ÇÏ´Ù.
anniversary ±â³äÀÏ. advocate ÁöÁöÇÏ´Ù, º¯È£ÇÏ´Ù.
managed rate °ü¸® ȯÀ².

B. ±¸¹®
- financed¡æand the model was financed¡æwhich was financed

C. ÓÞëù(´ëÀÇ)
±×·± °æÁ¦¼ºÀåÀº ¹Ý Æó¼âÀûÀÎ °æÁ¦ ¾È¿¡¼­ ¿Üä·Î ÀÚ±ÝÀ» Á¶´Þ ¹Þ´Â, ±¹°¡ÁÖµµÀÇ ¹ß´Þ¸ðµ¨¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼ºÀåÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÎÇ÷¹À̼ÇÀ» ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÎÇ÷¹À̼ÇÀº 1990³â´ë Áß¿±±îÁö ºê¶óÁúÀ» ¸¶ºñ½ÃÄ×°í ¾ÆÁ÷µµ °íÅ뽺·´µµ·Ï ³ôÀº ÀÌÀÚÀ²°ú ÀúÃà±âÇÇÁõÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¡µµ ±º»çÁ¤ºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ¡°±âÀû¡±Àº ºê¶óÁúÀε鿡°Ô Àû¾îµµ °æÁ¦ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­¸¸Àº ±¹°¡°¡ Á¦ÀÏ ³´´Ù´Â »ý°¢À» °®°Ô ÇÏ¿´°í ½ÉÁö¾î ±× ÀÌÈÄÀÇ °æÁ¦Àû È¥¶õµµ ±×µéÀ» ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »ý°¢Çϵµ·Ï ¼³µæ½ÃŰÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù.

ºÒÇàÇÑ ±â¾ïµé
1970³â´ëÀÇ ¼®À¯¼îÅ©·Î ÀÌ·± ¹ß´Þ¸ðµ¨ÀÌ ±ú¾îÁ³À» ¶§, ºê¶óÁúÀº ¼ºÀåÀº ¾øÀÌ ²ûÂコ·¯¿î ÀÎÇ÷¹À̼ǰú ¸¹Àº ¿Ü丸 ÀÖ´Â ³ª¶ó°¡ µÇ¾î¹ö·È´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ È¥¶õÀÇ 20³âÀÌ À̾îÁ³°í ºê¶óÁúÀº Çѱ¹ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ³ªÀÌÁö¸®¾Æ¿¡ ºñÀ¯µÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. »ý»ê¼º ¼ºÀåÀº ¸¶À̳ʽº°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹üÁË¿Í ±³À°°ú ÀǷḦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ºê¶óÁúÀÇ ¸¹Àº ¹®Á¦µéÀº ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ ½ÃÀ۵ǰųª ¾ÇÈ­µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1990³â°ú 1995³â »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÎÇ÷¹À̼ÇÀº ¿¬ Æò±Õ 764%°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
±×¸®°í ³ª¼­ realü§(È­)ÀÇ ±âÀûÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù. 1994³â¿¡ ´ç½Ã À繫ºÎÀå°üÀÌ´ø CardosoÀÇ ÁöÈ־Ʒ¡ ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ °æÁ¦Àü¹®°¡µéÀº »õ·Î¿î ÅëÈ­ realü§¸¦ µµÀÔÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥ À̰ÍÀÌ ÀÌÀüÀÇ ½ÇÆÐ¸¦ µó°í ¼º°øÀ» °ÅµÎ¾ú´Ù. 1³â ¾È¿¡ Realü§øÇ(È­Æó)°èȹÀº ¹°°¡»ó½ÂÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1999³â¿¡ °íÁ¤È¯À²Á¦´Â ÆóÁöµÇ°í, ÅëÈ­´Â º¯µ¿½Ã¼¼Á¦·Î µÇ¾ú°í Áß¾ÓÀºÇàÀº ÀÎÇ÷¹À̼ÇÀ» Ÿ°Ý¸ñÇ¥·Î Ç϶ó´Â ¸í·ÉÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ »ç°ÇÀÇ 10ÁÖ³âÀÌ ¹æ±Ý Áö³ª°¬´Ù. ±×¸®°í ºñ·Ï real À» º¸´Ù ´ú º¯´ö½º·´°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÀïÀº ÀÖÁö¸¸ ÁÖ¿ä Á¤´çµé °¡¿îµ¥ °ü¸®È¯À²·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡±â¸¦ ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ´Â Á¤´çÀº Çϳªµµ ¾ø´Ù.
  • Æ®À§ÅÍ
  • ÆäÀ̽ººÏ
  • ¡èÀ§·Î
Copyright ¨Ï Á¶°©Á¦´åÄÄ - ¹«´ÜÀüÀç ¹× Àç¹èÆ÷ ±ÝÁö
´ñ±Û´Þ±â ´ñ±Û¾²±â ÁÖÀÇ»çÇ×

´ñ±Û´Þ±â´Â ·Î±×ÀÎÈÄ »ç¿ëÇÏ½Ç ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ³»¿ëÀº 100ÀÚ À̳»·Î Àû¾îÁֽʽÿÀ. ±¤°í, ¿å¼³, ºñ¼Ó¾î, ÀνŰø°Ý°ú ÇØ´ç ±Û°ú °ü·Ã ¾ø´Â ±ÛÀº »çÀüÅ뺸¾øÀÌ »èÁ¦µË´Ï´Ù.

PC ¹öÀü