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Yet other countries face similar problems, and Brazil has made real progress. In a country where businesses became used to headline interest rates of 30% or more, a rate below 9% comes as a relief. "It's like the difference between running a marathon with 50 kilos on your shoulders and 20 kilos," says Luis Stuhlberger of Credit Suisse Hedging-Griffo, one of Brazil's most successful fund managers. Mr Stuhlberger thinks that Brazil's recent past was so awful, and its expansion of education and credit is so young, that the country can reasonably be expected to continue on its current trajectory, even without further big reforms. Even so, he argues, "we are not going to have a Harvard or a Google here." The blame for that, he says, lies largely with government policies.
Brazil's economic story could certainly be made more exciting with some reforms to its business environment. The country's potential growth without a risk of overheating can only be guessed at, but it is probably below the 6.8% it reached in the third quarter of 2008. Most economists put it at 4-5%. This suggests that interest rates will not be coming down to levels considered normal in other countries soon.
Still, stability has its own rewards. Edmar Bacha, one of the economists who worked on the introduction of the real in 1994, is pleased that the debates about Brazil's economy have become so narrow. Back in 1993, when he joined the ministry of finance, inflation at one point hit 2,489%. Nowadays, he notes with a wry smile, "the big debates are about whether interest rates could come down from 8.75% to 8.25% or whether the central bank should have started cutting a month earlier than it did." That change has been good for Brazil, and particularly good for its banks and its financial system.
A. ¾îÈÖ
face Á÷¸éÇÏ´Ù. headline interest rates Çìµå¶óÀÎ ±Ý¸®.
relief Ïð¾(±¸Á¶), ±¸Á¶ÀÚ±Ý. awful ¹«¼¿î, Áöµ¶ÇÑ.
expansion È®´ë, ÆØÃ¢. reasonably ¾Ë¸Â°Ô, ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î, µµ¸®¿¡ ¸Â°Ô.
current ÇöÀçÀÇ. trajectory Ïùîæ(±ËÀû). lies with ...¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
potential growth ¼ºÀå ÀáÀç·Â. overheating °æ±â°ú¿.
the third quarter 3ºÐ±â. normal Á¤»óÀûÀÎ. stability ¾ÈÁ¤.
reward º¸»ó, ëëÜÃ(ÀÀº¸). real ºê¶óÁúÀÇ ÅëÈ.
ministry of finance À繫ºÎ. wry ¾ó±¼À» ÂîǪ¸°. a wry smile ¾´¿ôÀ½.
cutting ÞûÊõ(»è°¨).
B. ±¸¹®
- should have started
cf. Á¶µ¿»ç°ú°Å(should/might/could/would)+have+p.p.
¡æ°ú°Å»ç½ÇÀÇ ¹Ý´ëÀÇ °æ¿ì¸¦ °¡Á¤.
[½ÃÀÛÇß¾î¾ß Çߴµ¥(½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ½ÃÀÛÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò¾ú´Ù)]
C. ÓÞëù(´ëÀÇ)
±×·¯³ª ´Ù¸¥ ³ª¶óµéµµ À¯»çÇÑ ¹®Á¦¿¡ Á÷¸éÇØ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ºê¶óÁúÀº ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¼ºÀåÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù. Çìµå¶óÀÎ ±Ý¸®°¡ 30% ÀÌ»óÀÌ´ø ³ª¶ó¿¡¼ 9%ÀÌÇÏÀÇ ±Ý¸®´Â ±¸Á¶ÀÚ±Ý °°Àº °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ºê¶óÁúÀÇ °¡Àå ¼º°øÀûÀÎ ÆÝµå ¸Å´ÏÀú ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÎ Luis Stuhlberger ´Â ¡°±×°ÍÀº ¸¶¶óÅæ¿¡¼ ¾î±ú¿¡ 50ų·Î±×·¥°ú 20ų·Î±×·¥ÀÇ ÁüÀ» Áö°í ´Þ¸± ¶§ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡±¶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. Stuhlberger´Â ºê¶óÁúÀº ¾ó¸¶ Àü±îÁö¸¸ ÇØµµ (°æÁ¦»óȲÀÌ) ³Ê¹«³ª ³ª»¦À¸¸ç, ±³À°°ú ½Å¿ëÀÇ üªß¤(È®»ê)ÀÌ ½ÃÀÛµÈ Áö°¡ ³Ê¹«³ª ª±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ´õ ÀÌ»óÀÇ Å« °³ÇõÀÌ ¾øÀ̵µ °æÁ¦´Â ÇöÀçÀÇ ±ËÀû´ë·Î ÀÌ¾î ³ª°¥ °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸´õ¶óµµ ¡°¿©±â ºê¶óÁú¿¡¼´Â ÇϹöµå³ª ±¸±ÛÀº »ý°Ü³ªÁö ¸øÇÒ °Í¡±À̶ó°í ±×´Â ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. À̰Ϳ¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñ³Àº ´ëºÎºÐ Á¤ºÎÁ¤Ã¥ Å¿ÀÌ´Ù.
ºê¶óÁú °æÁ¦ ½ºÅ丮´Â ±â¾÷ȯ°æ¿¡ ¸î °¡Áö °³Çõ¸¸ °¡Á®¿À¸é ´õ¿í´õ Àç¹ÌÀÖ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °ú¿ÀÇ À§ÇèÀÌ ¾øÀÌ ºê¶óÁúÀÌ ÀÌ·ê ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼ºÀå°¡´É¼ºÀº ÃßÃøÇÒ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾øÁö¸¸ 2008³â 3ºÐ±â¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÑ 6.8%º¸´Ù´Â ³·À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æÁ¦Àü¹®°¡µéÀº 4%¿¡¼ 5%·Î õÏïÒ(ÃßÁ¤)ÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ±Ý¸®°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ³ª¶óó·³ Á¤»óÀûÀÎ ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î Ç϶ôÇÏÁö´Â ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ï½ÃÇÑ´Ù.
±×·¡µµ °æÁ¦Àû ¾ÈÁ¤Àº ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ º¸»óÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. 1994³â realü§(È)ÀÇ µµÀÔ¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÏ¿´´ø °æÁ¦Àü¹®°¡ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÎ Edmar Bacha´Â ³íÀïÀÇ ¹üÀ§°¡ (±Ý¸® °°Àº) ±×·¸°Ô Á¼¾ÆÁø °ÍÀ» ±â»µÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°¡ À繫ºÎ¿¡ µé¾î°¬À» ¶§ÀÎ 1993³âÀÇ ¾î´À ½ÃÁ¡¿¡¼´Â ÀÎÇ÷¹À̼ÇÀÌ 2,489%±îÁö ¿Ã¶ó°¬¾ú´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡´Â, ±×´Â ¾´¿ôÀ½À» ÁöÀ¸¸ç ¡°±Ý¸®°¡ 8.75%¿¡¼ 8.25%·Î Ç϶ôÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö, Áß¾ÓÀºÇàÀÌ ±Ý¸®¸¦ ÇÑ ´Þ ´õ ÀÏÂï ³»·Á¾ßÇß¾ú´ÂÁö¿¡ °üÇØ¼ Å« ³íÀïÀÌ ¹ú¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù.¡±¶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± º¯È´Â ºê¶óÁúÀ» À§Çؼ ÁÁÀº ÀÏÀÌ°í Æ¯È÷ ÀºÇà°ú ±ÝÀ¶°è¿¡ ÁÁÀº °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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