127-2-591
Put differently, it is the "tyranny of the majority" that James Madison, a Founding Father, warned about. His reading of ancient history was that the direct democracy of Athens was erratic and short-lived, whereas republican Rome remained stable for much longer. He even worried about using the word "democracy" at all, lest citizens confuse its representative (ie, republican) form with its direct one. "Democracy never lasts long," wrote John Adams, another Founding Father. Asked what government the federal constitution of 1787 had established, Benjamin Franklin responded: "A republic, if you can keep it."
But republican governance, even with its competing branches of government and elected representatives, did not perform well as America expanded westward. In California, according to a famous account from 1896, there was "only one kind of politics and that was corrupt politics. It didn't matter whether a man was a Republican or Democrat. The Southern Pacific Railroad controlled both parties." Enraged, the Progressive movement grew and took a new look at direct democracy as it was practised in Switzerland, where its use was-and is-sparing and effective (even if occasionally controversial, like last month's vote to ban minarets).
In 1898 South Dakota became the first state to allow voter initiatives, and others followed, including California in 1911. For many years direct democracy worked as a safety valve, if and when legislatures proved corrupt or unresponsive. But starting with California's infamous Proposition 13 of 1978, which not only capped property taxes but required (thanks to a vote by a simple majority of those voting) a supermajority of legislators for any future tax increase, direct democracy changed.
A. ¾îÈÖ
Founding Father (¹Ì±¹)°Ç±¹ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö. reading ÇØ¼®, ÆÇ´Ü.
erratic º¯´ö½º·¯¿î, ±«»óÇÑ, ßÈÏù(»ó±Ë)¸¦ ¹þ¾î³.
republican Íìûúð¤(°øÈÁ¦)ÀÇ, °øÈ´ç¿ø. stable ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ.
confuse ûèÔÒ(È¥µ¿)ÇÏ´Ù. representative ÓÛì¡ð¤(´ëÀÇÁ¦)ÀÇ.
federal constitution ¿¬¹æÇå¹ý. republican governance ÍìûúïÙ(°øÈÁ¤).
elected representatives ¼±Ãâ´ëÇ¥. expand ÆØÃ¢ÇÏ´Ù. account À̾߱â, ÑÀÞÀ(±â»ç).
politics Á¤Ä¡, Á¤Ä¡ÇÐ. corrupt ºÎÆÐÇÑ. Democrat ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖ´ç¿ø.
enrage ÌÒÁ(°Ý³ë)ÇÏ´Ù. practise ½ÇÇàÇÏ´Ù.
sparing ¾Æ³¢´Â, Ëûå³(°Ë¾à)ÇÏ´Â, ÀλöÇÑ. occasionally ¶§¶§·Î.
controversial ³íÀïÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ÀÖ´Â. minaret ȸ±³»ç¿øÀÇ ôÓ÷²(÷ž).
safety valve ¾ÈÀüÆÇ. legislature ÀÇȸ.
unresponsive ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ¾ø´Â, Ø©ì¼ÔÔù¦(¸¶À̵¿Ç³) °°Àº.
infamous ¾Ç¸í ³ôÀº, ÆòÆÇÀÌ ³ª»Û, ¼öÄ¡½º·¯¿î.
Proposition ±¹¹ÎÁ¦¾È. supermajority Àý´ë´Ù¼ö. legislator ÀÔ¹ýÀÚ, ±¹È¸ÀÇ¿ø.
B. ±¸¹®
-Put differently¡æIf it is put differently
[´Þ¸® Ç¥ÇöÇϸé]
-lest citizens confuse¡ælest citizens should confuse
[½Ã¹ÎµéÀÌ È¥µ¿À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°Áö ¾Êµµ·Ï Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©]
C. ÓÞëù(´ëÀÇ)
´Þ¸® Ç¥ÇöÇϸé, ±×°ÍÀº James MadisonÀÌ °æ°íÇÑ ¡°´Ù¼öÀÇ øìïÙ(ÆøÁ¤)¡±ÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÆÅ׳×ÀÇ Á÷Á¢¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ´Â º¯´ö½º·´°í ÓÙ¤(´Ü¸í)ÇÏ¿´´ø ¹Ý¸é¿¡ °øÈÁ¤ÀÇ ·Î¸¶´Â ¾ÆÅ×³× º¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ °í´ë¿ª»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ÇØ¼®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇÀÇ ´ëÀÇÁ¦ Çü½Ä(Áï °øÈÁ¦)°ú Á÷Á¢Çü½ÄÀ» È¥µ¿ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¡°¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ¡±¶ó´Â ´Ü¾î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼µµ °ÆÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ °Ç±¹¾Æ¹öÁöÀÎ John Adams´Â ¡°¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ´Â °áÄÚ ¿À·¡ Áö¼ÓµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¡±¶ó°í ½è´Ù. 1787³â¿¡ Á¦Á¤µÈ ¿¬¹æÇå¹ýÀº ¾î¶°ÇÑ ÅëÄ¡ÇüŸ¦ ϰõé(±¸Ãà)ÇÏ¿´´Â°¡ ¶ó´Â Áú¹®À» ¹Þ°í Benjamin FranklinÀº ¡°Áö¼Ó½Ãų ¼ö¸¸ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, °øÈÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù¡±¶ó°í ´ë´äÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±×·¯³ª °øÈÁ¦ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡ÇüÅ´ ¼·Î °æÀïÇÏ´Â Á¤ºÎ¿Í ¼±Ãâ´ëÇ¥(±¹È¸ÀÇ¿ø)·Î ºÐ±ÇµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ¼ºÎ·Î ÆØÃ¢ÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó ±â´ÉÀ» Á¦´ë·Î ¼öÇàÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1896³â¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÈ ¾î´À À¯¸íÇÑ À̾߱⿡ ÀÇÇϸé, ͏®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ¿¡¼´Â ¡°ÇÑ Á¾·ù¸¸ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡°¡ Àִµ¥ ±×°ÍÀº ºÎÆÐÁ¤Ä¡¶ó´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¾î´À ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ °øÈ´ç¿øÀÌµç ¹ÎÁÖ´ç¿øÀÌµç ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ³²ÅÂÆò¾ç öµµÈ¸»ç°¡ °øÈ-¹ÎÁÖ å»ÓÚ(¾ç´ç)À» Áö¹èÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.¡± ÀÌ¿¡ ºÐ³ëÇÏ¿© Áøº¸ÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ Àڶ󳪼 ½ºÀ§½º¿¡ ½Ç½ÃµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº Á÷Á¢¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǸ¦ »õ·Î¿î ½Ã°¢À¸·Î ¹Ù¶óº¸°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ½ºÀ§½ºÀÇ Á÷Á¢¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ ÀÌ¿ëÀº ³¶ºñÀûÀÌÁö ¾Ê°í È¿À²ÀûÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç Áö±Ýµµ ±×·¸´Ù.¡´Áö³´ÞÀÇ üÞÎçÞÑêÂ(ȸ±³»ç¿ø) ±ÝÁö Åõǥó·³ ³íÀïÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ÀÖ´Â °Íµµ °¡²û ÀÖÁö¸¸¡µ
1898³â¿¡ South Dakota°¡ À¯±ÇÀÚ ±¹¹Î¹ßÀǸ¦ Çã¿ëÇϴ ù ¹øÂ° ñ¶°¡ µÇ¾ú°í 1911³â ͏®Æ÷´Ï¾Æñ¶¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇØ¼ ¸¹Àº ´Ù¸¥ ñ¶µéÀÌ µÚ¸¦ µû¶ú´Ù. ¿À·§µ¿¾È, ÀÔ¹ýÀÇȸ°¡ ºÎÆÐÇϰųª ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ ¼Ò¸®¿¡ ÀÀ´äÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆÇ¸íµÇ¸é Á÷Á¢¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǰ¡ ¾ÈÀüÆÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ͏®Æ÷´Ï¾ÆÀÇ ¾Ç¸í ³ôÀº-Àç»ê¼¼ »óÇÑÁ¦¸¦ Á¤Çϰí, (ÅõÇ¥ÀÚ ´Ù¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °¡°á¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼) ñòáª(Áõ¼¼)¸¦ À§Çؼ´Â ÀÇ¿øÀÇ Àý´ë´Ù¼öÀÇ Âù¼ºÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â- 1978³âÀÇ ±¹¹ÎÁ¦¾È 13È£¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÀ¸·Î ÇØ¼ Á÷Á¢¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ´Â º¯ÁúµÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù.
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