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His influence today is usually felt in academia, through the legacy of his ideas. He founded Western philosophy in the sense that all intellectual inquiry before him is deemed to be "pre-Socratic" and all Western philosophy since him, in the words of Alfred North Whitehead, an English philosopher of the early 20th century, mere "footnotes" to the 35 Platonic dialogues in which Socrates was the main character. It was Socrates who made the momentous "turn" of Western thought away from speculation about the composition of the physical world and towards the liberal questions of morality, justice, virtue and politics.
But Socrates casts his influence far beyond academia, beyond even his ideas. His main contributions, arguably, were his method and style as well as the example of his life. His method was to question one or a few individuals in small settings (the "Apology", which records his address to the 500-man jury at his trial, was the exception). Through such intimate probing he elicited and tested his interlocutors' deepest and most hidden opinions, a process now known as Socratic dialectic. His style during the discussions was "ironic" in the original sense of eironeia, meaning that he pretended to be ignorant to prompt his interlocutors to open up.
His life, above all, was dedicated to the love of wisdom (philosophy). His wife, Xanthippe, and three sons lived in near-penury while Socrates loitered around the marketplace of Athens looking for debaters. In the end he sacrificed his life for philosophy when he was offered the opportunity to escape from prison before his execution but chose to swallow hemlock instead.
A. ¾îÈÖ
academia ùÊÍ£(Çаè). legacy ë¶ß§(À¯»ê). idea ÞÖßÌ(»ç»ó).
inquiry ޱ¸, ¿¬±¸, Áú¹®. deem °£ÁÖÇÏ´Ù, ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Ù, »ý°¢ÇÏ´Ù.
footnotes ÊÅñÉ(°¢ÁÖ). momentous Áß´ëÇÑ. speculation »ç»ö, ÍÅóÌ(°íÂû).
composition ±¸¼º. liberal ±³¾çÀûÀÎ. contribution °øÇå.
setting Åä·Ð(ȸÀÇ)Àå¼Ò, ÙñÓæ(¹«´ë), ȯ°æ. Apology º¯¸í, »ç°ú.
intimate ïñ÷×(Á¤Åë)ÇÑ, Ä£¹ÐÇÑ, º»ÁúÀûÀÎ. probing Á¶»ç.
elicit Áø¸®¸¦ ²ø¾î³»´Ù. interlocutor Óßü¥íº(´ëÈÀÚ).
dialectic º¯Áõ¹ý, ÒÕñû(³íÁõ). ironic ÚãåÞîÜ(¹Ý¾îÀû)ÀÎ.
prompt ÀçÃËÇÏ´Ù, °í¹«ÇÏ´Ù, ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Ù. dedicate Çå½ÅÇÏ´Ù.
penury п޸(±Øºó), ºó±Ã. loiter ¾î½½··°Å¸®´Ù. debater Åä·ÐÀÚ, ³íÀïÀÚ.
sacrifice ýúßå(Èñ»ý)ÇÏ´Ù. execution ô¥úý(óÇü), »çÇüÁýÇà.
swallow »ïŰ´Ù. hemlock µ¶¹Ì³ª¸®, µ¶¹Ì³ª¸®¿¡¼ äÃëÇÑ µ¶¾à.
B. ÓÞëù(´ëÀÇ)
¿À´Ã³¯ ±×ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀº ´ëü·Î ±×°¡ ³²±ä »ç»óÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ Çа迡¼ °¨ÁöµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Socrates ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¸ðµç ò±îÜ(ÁöÀû) ޱ¸´Â ¡°Socrates ÀÌÀü½Ã´ëÀÇ °Í¡±À¸·Î °£Áֵǰí, 20¼¼±â ÃÊ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ Alfred North WhiteheadÀÇ ¸»´ë·Î ±× ÀÌÈÄÀÇ ¸ðµç ¼¾çöÇÐÀº Socrates°¡ ÁÖ¿ä Àι°·Î µîÀåÇÏ´Â ¡®35ÆíÀÇ ÇöóÅæ ´ëÈ¡¯ÀÇ ÊÅñÉ(°¢ÁÖ)¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù´Â Àǹ̿¡¼ ±×´Â ¼¾çöÇÐÀ» â¼³ÇÏ¿´´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¼¾ç»ç»óÀ» ¹°¸®Àû ¼¼°èÀÇ ±¸¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÞÖÜ©(»çº¯)À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹æÇâÀ» Ʋ¾î¼ µµ´ö¼º, Á¤ÀÇ, ¹Ì´ö, Á¤Ä¡ÇÐ µîÀÇ ìÑÙþîÜ(Àι®Àû)¡´±³¾çÀû¡µÀÎ ¹®Á¦·Î ÇâÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº Socrates¿´´Ù.
±×·¯³ª Socrates´Â ùÊÍ£(Çаè)¸¦ ³Ñ¾î¼, ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ç»ó±îÁöµµ ³Ñ¾î¼ ÈξÀ ´õ ¸Ö¸® ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÁÖµÈ °øÇåÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀÇ çÓ(¿¹)»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹æ¹ý°ú ´ëȹæ½Ä(½ºÅ¸ÀÏ)À̾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀº Åä·ÐÀå¼Ò¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸î¸îÀÇ °³Àο¡°Ô Áú¹®À» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù(±×¸¦ ÀçÆÇÇÏ´Â 500¸íÀÇ ¹è½É¿ø¿¡°Ô ÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ¸»À» ±â·ÏÇÑ ¡®ÜªÖå(º¯·Ð)¡¯Àº ¿¹¿Ü¿´´Ù). ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¤¹ÐÇÑ ½É¹®À» ÅëÇØ¼ ´ëÈÀÚÀÇ °¡Àå ±í°í °¡Àå ±íÀÌ ¼û°ÜÁø ÀǰßÀ» À̲ø¾î ³»¾î Å×½ºÆ®ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ÀÌ·± ¹æ¹ýÀº SocratesÀÇ º¯Áõ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. Åä·Ð¿¡¼ ±×ÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀº ´ëÈ»ó´ëÀÇ ¸¶À½À» ¿¾îÁÖ±â À§ÇÏ¿© Ùíò±(¹«Áö)¸¦ °¡ÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â eironeiaÀÇ ¿ø·¡ÀÇ ¶æÀÎ ¡°ÚãåÞîÜ(¹Ý¾îÀû)¡±À̾ú´Ù.
¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ±×ÀÇ »ý¾Ö´Â ÁöÇýÀÇ »ç¶û(öÇÐ)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çå½ÅÀ̾ú´Ù. Socrates°¡ Åä·ÐÀÚ¸¦ ã¾Æ¼ ¾ÆÅ׳×ÀÇ ÀåÅ͸¦ µ¹¾Æ´Ù´Ï°í ÀÖÀ» µ¿¾È ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ³» Xanthippe¿Í ¼¼ ¾ÆµéÀº °ÅÀÇ ±Øºó ¼Ó¿¡ »ì¾Ò´Ù. °á±¹ »çÇü ´çÇϱâ Àü¿¡ °¨¿Á¿¡¼ µµ¸Á°¥ ±âȸ¸¦ Á¦°ø¹Þ¾ÒÁö¸¸ µ¶¾àÀ» ¸¶½Ã±â·Î ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¸é¼ ±×´Â öÇÐÀ» À§Çؼ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ý¸íÀ» Èñ»ýÇÏ¿´´Ù.
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