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What, then, had Socrates revealed in Athenian democracy that made this martyrdom necessary? And would American democracy be capable of repeating Athens's sin?
The town-hall meeting
Visiting America today, Socrates might have dropped in on last summer's "town hall" meetings, in which members of the public allegedly came to debate the reform of health care with their elected representatives. Socrates would have beheld hysterical firebrands shouting that America's president and senators were Marxists, Nazis or both. Reaffirmed in his disdain for democratic rhetoric, Socrates would have left to seek better conversations, as he used to do in Athens, where he conspicuously shunned the public assembly and the jury courts in which male citizens were expected to serve.
Socrates considered the debate in such settings unedifying, pointless and unworthy-in a word, "eristic". Eris was the Greek goddess of strife (the Roman Discordia). It was Eris who cunningly dropped a golden apple with the inscription "to the fairest" into a feast, inciting three goddesses-Hera, Athena and Aphrodite-to bicker over who deserved it and thus launching the ten-year Trojan War. Eris is present in presidential debates, in court rooms and wherever people are talking not to discover truth but to win.
In 1968 Stringfellow Barr, an historian and president of St John's College in Maryland, wrote a Socratic critique of American discourse: "There is a pathos in television dialogue: the rapid exchange of monologues that fail to find the issue, like ships passing in the night the reiterated preface, "I think that¡¦," as if it mattered who held which opinion rather than which opinion is worth holding the impressive personal vanity that prevents each 'discussant' from really listening to another speaker".
A. ¾îÈÖ
reveal °¨Ãß¾îÁø °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¸®´Ù, Æø·ÎÇÏ´Ù, °è½ÃÇÏ´Ù.
martyrdom âæÎç(¼ø±³). drop in on Àá±ñ µé¸£´Ù.
allegedly ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ µû¸£¸é, µé¸®´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé.
elected representatives ¼±ÃâµÈ ´ëÇ¥ÀÚ(ÀÇ¿ø, ½ÃÀå, ÁÖÁö»ç µî).
behold-beheld-beheld ÁöÄÑ º¸´Ù, º¸´Ù. firebrand ¼±µ¿°¡, Á¤¿°¡, ºÒºÙÀº ³ª¹«Å丷.
senator »ó¿øÀÇ¿ø. reaffirm ÀçÈ®ÀÎÇÏ´Ù. disdain °æ¸ê, ¸ê½Ã.
rhetoric áóÞöùÊ(¼ö»çÇÐ), Ú¸Þöæ°Ï£(¹Ì»ç¿©±¸), °úÀåµÈ ¸».
conspicuously ´«¿¡ ¶ç°Ô, ì¶óô(ÀÌä)·Ó°Ô. shun ÇÇÇÏ´Ù, ¸Ö¸®ÇÏ´Ù.
public assembly °ø°øÈ¸ÀÇ. edifying ±³ÈÆÀûÀÎ, ¼±µµÀûÀÎ.
pointless ¹«ÀǹÌÇÑ, È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø´Â.
eristic ³íÀïÀÇ, Åä·ÐÀÇ, ³íÀï ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ´Â. Eris ºÐÀïÀÇ ¿©½Å.
strife ºÒÈ, ºÐÀï, ÅõÀï. cunningly ±³¹¦ÇϰÔ, ±³È°ÇϰÔ, ÊÌÞ÷(°£»ç)ÇϰÔ.
inscription ٯʾ(¸í°¢). feast úÄæÃ(Ç⿬), ÃàÁ¦. incite ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Ù, ¼±µ¿ÇÏ´Ù.
bicker ¾ðÀïÇÏ´Ù, À¸¸£··´ë´Ù. launch ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Ù, Áø¼ö½ÃŰ´Ù.
critique ºñÆò. discourse ÓÈü¥(´ãÈ), ÓÈÖå(´ã·Ð).
pathos ÝèÊï(ºñ°¨), Ýèäî(ºñ¾Ö). monologue Ô¼ÛÜ(µ¶¹é). issue °á¸», á¶ß§(¼Ò»ê).
reiterate ¹Ýº¹ÇÏ´Ù. preface ßíÔé(¼µÎ), ¼·Ð. vanity ÀÚºÎ, ÀÚ¸¸, Ç㿵½É.
discussant Åä·ÐÀÚ.
B. ±¸¹®
Reaffirmed¡æIf he had been reaffirmed
D. ÓÞëù(´ëÀÇ)
±×·¸´Ù¸é, Socrates´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼ø±³¸¦ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç ¾ÆÅ׳×ÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ¿¡¼ ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹àÇô³»¾ú´Â°¡? ±×¸®°í ¹Ì±¹Àº ¾ÆÅ׳×ÀÇ Á˸¦ ¹Ýº¹ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡?
ÍëüåÓÑ(°øÈ¸´ç) ȸÀÇ
¿À´Ã³¯ ¹Ì±¹À» ¹æ¹®ÇÑ´Ù¸é, Socrates´Â Áö³ ¿©¸§ ´ëÁß°ú ¼±ÃâµÈ ´ëÇ¥ÀÚµéÀÌ ÀǷẸÀåÁ¦µµ°³Çõ¿¡ °üÇÑ Åä·ÐÀ» Àü°³ÇÑ °øÈ¸´çȸÀÇ¿¡ µé·ÈÀ»Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. Socrates´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ´ëÅë·É°ú »ó¿øÀÇ¿øÀº ¸¶¸£Å©½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÌ°í ³ªÄ¡½ºÀÌ¸ç ¾Æ´Ï¸é µÑ ´Ù¶ó°í °íÇÔÀ» Áö¸£°í ÀÖ´Â º´ÀûÀÏ ¸¸Å ¿·ÄÇÑ Åä·ÐÀÚµéÀ» º¸¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹ÎÁÖÀû ¼ö»çÇÐ(Åä·Ð¹æ¹ý)¿¡ °æ¸ê°¨À» ÀçÈ®ÀÎÇÏ°Ô µÈ Socrates´Â ¾ÆÅ׳׿¡¼ ±×·¨´ø °Íó·³ º¸´Ù ³ªÀº ´ëȸ¦ À§ÇØ ¶°³µÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÆÅ׳׿¡¼ ±×´Â ³²ÀÚ ½Ã¹ÎÀº ¸ðµÎ Âü¼®ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ø°øÈ¸ÀÇ¿Í ¹è½ÉÀçÆÇÀ» êóܬ(À¯º°)³ª°Ô ȸÇÇÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Socrates´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àå¼Ò¿¡¼ ÇÏ´Â Åä·ÐÀº ±³ÈÆÀûÀÌÁö ¸øÇϰí, È¿°ú°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç °¡Ä¡µµ ¾ø´Â, ÇÑ ¸¶µð·Î ¸»Çؼ ¡°³íÀïÀû¡±À̶ó°í °£ÁÖÇÏ¿´´Ù. Eris´Â ±×¸®½º ½ÅÈ¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â ºÐÀïÀÇ ¿©½ÅÀÌ´Ù.(·Î¸¶ ½ÅÈ¿¡¼´Â Üôûú(ºÒÈ)ÀÇ ¿©½Å). (ãêµéÀÇ)ÀÜÄ¡¿¡¼ ¡°ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¹ÌÀο¡°Ô¡±¶ó´Â ٯʾ(¸í°¢)ÀÌ Àִ Ȳ±Ý»ç°ú¸¦ ±³È°ÇÏ°Ô ¶³¾î¶ß·Á¼, ¼¼ ¸íÀÇ ¿©½Å-Hera, Athena, Aphrodite-À¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¼·Î »ç°ú¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÒ ÀÚ°ÝÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ´ÙÅõµµ·Ï ºÎÃܼ߰ 10³â °£ÀÇ Æ®·ÎÀÌÀüÀïÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å² °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î Eris ¿©½ÅÀ̾ú´Ù. Eris ¿©½ÅÀº ´ëÅë·É¼±°Å Åä·Ðȸ, ¹ýÁ¤ µî »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Áø¸®ÀÇ ¹ß°ßÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í À̱â±â À§Çؼ Åä·ÐÀ» ÇÏ´Â °÷Àº ¾îµð¿¡³ª Âü¼®ÇÑ´Ù.
1968³â, Maryland¿¡ ÀÖ´Â St Johns CollegeÀÇ ¿ª»çÇÐÀÚ °â ÃÑÀåÀÎ Stringfellow Barr´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÎÀÇ ´ã·Ð¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ SocratesîÜÀÎ ºñÆòÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù:¡°TV´ëÈ¿¡´Â ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ºñ¾Ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Áï įįÇÑ ¹ãÁß¿¡ Ç×ÇØÇÏ´Â ¹èó·³ °á¸»À» ãÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â µ¶¹éÀÇ Àçºü¸¥ ±³È¯, ¸¶Ä¡ ¾î´À ÀǰßÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ °¡Ä¡°¡ Àִٱ⺸´Ù´Â ´©°¡ ¾î´À ÀǰßÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏ´À³Ä°¡ Áß¿äÇÑ °Íó·³ ¡®...¶ó°í Àú´Â »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù¡¯ °°Àº ¹Ýº¹µÇ´Â ßíåë(¼¾ð), °¢°¢ÀÇ Åä·ÐÀÚ°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ÈÀÚÀÇ ¸»À» µèÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °³ÀÎÀÇ ÀλóÀûÀÎ Ç㿵½É, µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.¡±¡´ TV´ëÈ´Â °¢ Åä·ÐÀÚ°¡ °¢ÀÚÀÇ ÀǰßÀ» ±³È¯Çϰí Á¾ÇÕÇÏ¿© ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑ °á·ÐÀ» À¯µµÇϱ⺸´Ù´Â °¢ÀÚ°¡ Àڱ⸸ÀÇ »ý°¢À» µ¶¹éÇϵíÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¾ÈŸ±õ´Ù¡µ
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