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Socrates's alternative was "good" conversation or dialectic. To converse originally meant to turn towards one another, in order to find a common humanity and to move closer to the truth of something. Dialectic, in other words, is decidedly not about winning or losing, because all the conversants are ennobled by it. It is a joint search. Unfortunately, as Mr Barr put it, it is also "the most difficult" kind of conversation "especially for Americans to achieve".
On a good day, Socrates's conversations bore all the marks of dialectic. There was little long-winded monologue and much pithy back-and-forth. The conversation often meandered and sometimes Socrates contradicted himself. In the "Protagoras", for example, he argues that virtue cannot be taught but in the "Meno" that it can. The conversations were at times humorous and invariably surprising. He hoped to bring all involved to a higher state of awareness.
Because Socrates wanted to win converts to this conversational culture he often chose young and malleable men who appeared tempted by the eristic rhetoric he believed democracy encouraged. For instance, Socrates tried hard to educate Alcibiades, the hedonistic and ambitious young man whose guardian Pericles was Athenss greatest statesman. He also went for a long walk in the countryside of Athens (which he hated leaving) with a young man named Phaedrus in order, very gently, to make the youth see the hollowness of a rhetorician he admired.
A. ¾îÈÖ
alternative ÓÛäÐ(´ë¾È). dialectic º¯Áõ¹ý. converse ´ëÈÇÏ´Ù.
originally µ¶Ã¢ÀûÀ¸·Î. ennoble °í»óÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Ù, ǰÀ§¸¦ ³ôÀÌ´Ù.
mark Ư¡. long-winded íåüÕ(ÀåȲ)ÇÑ, ÀåȲÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇÏ´Â.
monologue ÇÑ »ç¶÷¸¸ÀÇ ±ä À̾߱â, µ¶¹é. pithy ÇÔÃ༺ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â, °£°áÇÑ, ¸íÄèÇÑ.
meander ±¸ºÒ±¸ºÒ ³ª¾Æ°¡´Ù, ±¼°îÀ» µû¶ó¼ °¡´Ù.
contradict oneself ¸ð¼øµÈ ¸»À» ÇÏ´Ù. invariably º¯ÇÔ ¾øÀÌ.
awareness ÀνÄ, ÀÚ°¢, ÊÆá¥(°¢¼º). convert ËÇðóíº(°³Á¾ÀÚ), ÀüÇâÀÚ.
malleable ¼øÀÀ¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Â, À¯¿¬ÇÑ. tempt À¯È¤ÇÏ´Ù, ¸¶À½À» ²ø´Ù.
eristic ³íÀïÀûÀÎ. hedonistic Äè¶ô¼³ÀÇ, Çâ¶ôÀûÀÎ.
hollowness °øÇã.
B. ÓÞëù(´ëÀÇ)
SocratesÀÇ ´ë¾ÈÀº ¡°ÁÁÀº¡±´ëÈ¿Í º¯Áõ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ´ëȸ¦ µ¶Ã¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº °øÅëÀûÀÎ Àΰ£¼º(Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡)À» ¹ß°ßÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¼·Î¸¦ ÇâÇØ¼ Á¢±ÙÇÏ°í ¾î¶² °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áø½Ç¿¡ °¡±îÀÌ ´Ù°¡°¡´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ´Þ¸® ¸»Çؼ ´ëÈÂü°¡ÀÚµéÀÌ º¯Áõ¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ °í»óÇÏ°Ô µÇ±â ¶§¹®¿¡ º¯Áõ¹ýÀº ½Â¸®³ª ÆÐ¹è¿¡ °üÇÑ °ÍÀÌ °áÄÚ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. º¯Áõ¹ýÀº ÇÕµ¿ ÷®ßã(Ž»ö)ÀÌ´Ù. ºÒÇàÈ÷µµ º¯Áõ¹ýÀº, Mr BarrÀÌ ÁöÀûÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ, ´Þ¼ºÇϱ⿡ ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ¾î·Á¿î (ƯÈ÷ ¹Ì±¹ÀÎÀÌ)Á¾·ùÀÇ ´ëȹýÀÌ´Ù.
´ëȰ¡ Àß µÇ´Â ³¯¿¡´Â, SocratesÀÇ ´ëȹýÀº º¯Áõ¹ýÀÇ ¸ðµç Ư¡À» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀåȲÇÏ°Ô È¥ÀÚ ¶°µå´Â ÀÏÀº °ÅÀÇ ¾ø¾ú°í °£°áÇÏ°Ô ÁÖ°í¹Þ´Â ¸»ÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù. ´ëÈ´Â ±¸ºÒ±¸ºÒÇÏ°Ô ³ª¾Æ°¬°í Socrates´Â ¶§¶§·Î ¸ð¼øµÇ´Â ¸»À» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µéÀÚ¸é, Protagoras¿¡¼ Óì(´ö)Àº °¡¸£Ä¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏÁö¸¸ Meno¿¡¼´Â °¡¸£Ä¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ´ëÈ´Â °¡²û À¯¸Ó·¯½ºÇÏ¿´°í º¯ÇÔ ¾øÀÌ ³î¶ö¸¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ´ëÈ¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ º¸´Ù ³ôÀº »óÅÂÀÇ °¢¼º¿¡ À̸£±â¸¦ ¹Ù·¨¾ú´Ù.
Socrates´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´ëȹ®È¸¦ µû¸£´Â »ç¶÷(°³Á¾ÀÚ)À» ¾ò±â¸¦ ¿øÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǰ¡ ±ÇÀåÇÑ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾îÁö´Â ³íÀïÀû ¼ö»çÇп¡ ºüÁ®ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ´Â, Àþ°í ¼øÀÀ¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀ» Á¾Á¾ ¼±¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, Socrates´Â Alcibiades¸¦ ±³À°½ÃŰ·Á°í ¸¹Àº ³ë·ÂÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥ Alcibiades´Â ±×ÀÇ ý̸ìÑ(ÈİßÀÎ)ÀÌ ¾ÆÅ׳×ÀÇ °¡Àå À§´ëÇÑ Á¤Ä¡ÀÎÀ̾ú´ø Pericles·Î¼ Çâ¶ôÀûÀÌ°í ¾ß¸ÁÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ Phaedrus¶ó´Â ÀþÀºÀÌ¿Í ÇÔ²² ¾ÆÅ׳×(±×´Â ¾ÆÅ׳׸¦ ¶°³ª´Â °ÍÀ» ½È¾îÇÏ¿´´Ù)ÀÇ ½Ã°ñÁö¿ªÀ¸·Î ±ä »êÃ¥À» ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥ ÀÌ´Â ±× ÀþÀºÀÌ·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×°¡ ¼þ»óÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² ¼ö»çÇÐÀÚÀÇ °øÇãÇÔÀ» ¾Ë¾ÆÂ÷¸®µµ·Ï Çϱâ À§Çؼ¿´´Ù.
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