Socrates in America ¨î

128-8-601
Socrates as American Taliban


Worse, he was suspected of sympathising with Sparta, Athens's enemy in the Peloponnesian War. An oligarchy in which rulers, warriors and workers had prescribed stations in life, Sparta had aspects of the "ideal" city that Socrates sketched in Plato's "Republic", and it was fashionable among his students to admire Sparta. The equivalent would have been for a prominent American intellectual to be pro-Soviet in the cold war, or today to have kind words for Islamic Jihad.
If Socrates had subversive tendencies, he never acted on them overtly. But he did seem to have a bad record with his students. Most famously, there was Alcibiades, who rose to power, talked the Athenians into sending an army to Sicily in a pre-emptive strike that turned into disaster, then defected to advise the Spartan enemies on how best to fight Athens, then defected again (after sleeping with a Spartan king's wife) to Athens's other enemy, Persia. When Alcibiades speaks in Plato's "Symposium", it is to lament his failure to persuade Socrates to have sex with him.
Another young man, Meno, is Socrates's chosen interlocutor on the subject of virtue. The same Meno then led an Athenian army to Persia where he betrayed his country and troops by seeking favour at the court of the Persian king. (Admittedly, another student of Socrates, Xenophon, then rescued the stranded Athenian army.) One of Socrates's three future accusers, Anytus, was present at his debate with Meno.
Socrates's oldest student was Antisthenes, who apparently became so frustrated with Socrates's habit of demolishing every conceivable opinion but not offering anything positive that he became the first of the Cynics. He concluded that all of democracy and politics was silly, taunted the Athenians that they should have a majority vote declaring asses to be horses, and then suggested that everybody withdraw from public life altogether. The Cynics became "apolitical"-without a polis (city), apart from society.

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oligarchy ÍûÔéïÙö½(°úµÎÁ¤Ä¡), ¼Ò¼öµ¶ÀçÁ¤Ä¡, °úµÎÁ¤Ä¡ ÁýÁ¤ÀÚ.
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prescribed stations ±ÔÁ¤À¸·Î Á¤ÇØ ³õÀº ÁöÀ§.
aspect ÇüÅÂ, ¸ð¾ç. Republic °øÈ­±¹. equivalent °°Àº °Í, µ¿µî¹°, ´ëÀÀ¹°.
subversive Àüº¹½ÃŰ´Â, ÆÄ±«ÀûÀÎ. act on ...¿¡ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Ù.
overtly °ø°ø¿¬È÷. pre-emptive strike ¼±Á¦°ø°Ý. defect µµ¸ÁÇÏ´Ù, º¯ÀýÇÏ´Ù.
lament ½½ÆÛÇÏ´Ù. persuade ¼³µæÇÏ´Ù. interlocutor ´ëÈ­ÀÚ.
betray ¹è¹ÝÇÏ´Ù. admittedly ¸í¹éÈ÷, í»ìã(ÀÚÀÎ)ÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ.
strand ¿Àµµ °¡µµ ¸øÇÏ´Ù, ñ¦õ§(ÁÂÃÊ)ÇÏ´Ù. accuser °í¹ßÀÚ, °í¼ÒÀÎ.
apparently ºÐ¸íÈ÷. frustrate ÁÂÀýÇÏ´Ù. demolish ºÐ¼âÇÏ´Ù, ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Ù.
conceivable ÀÖÀ½Á÷ÇÑ, »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â. positive ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ.
the Cynics ̳êãùÊ÷ï(°ßÀ¯ÇÐÆÄ)ÀÇ »ç¶÷.¡´¼¼»óÀ» ºñ²¿¸ç ºñ¶Ô¾îÁö°Ô º¸´Â »ç¶÷¡µ
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declare ¼±¾ðÇÏ´Ù. withdraw ¹°·¯³ª´Ù.
apolitical Á¤Ä¡¿¡ ¹«°ü½ÉÇÑ, Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î Áß¿äÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº.

B. ÓÞëù(´ëÀÇ)

¹Ì±¹ TalibanÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ Socrates

´õ¿í´õ ³ª»Û °ÍÀº, ±×´Â Peloponnesian War¿¡¼­ ¾ÆÅ׳×ÀÇ îØÏÐ(Àû±¹)ÀÎ ½ºÆÄ¸£Å¸¸¦ µ¿Á¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀǽÉÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ¿Í ±ºÀΰú ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ ÁöÀ§°¡ ¹ýÀ¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °úµÎÁ¤Ä¡±¹°¡ÀÎ Sparta´Â, Socrates°¡ PlatoÀÇ 󰡒Republic󰡓¿¡ ËÈÕÔ(°³·«)ÇØ ³õÀº, ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç SocratesÀÇ ÇлýµéÀÌ Sparta¸¦ Âù¾çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ À¯ÇàÀÌ µÇ¾îÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í ¶È °°Àº °Í(µ¿µî¹°)Àº ³ÃÀü½Ã´ë¿¡ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÇÑ Àú¸íÇÑ Áö½ÄÀÎÀÌ öÑ(Ä£) ¼Ò·ÃÁÖÀÇÀÚ°¡ µÇ°Å³ª ¿À´Ã³¯ À̽½¶÷ÀÇ Jihad¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ Ä£ÀýÇÑ ¸»À» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Socrates°¡ ±¹°¡¸¦ Àüº¹½ÃŰ·Á´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ±×´Â ±×·± Ȱµ¿À» °ø°ø¿¬ÇÏ°Ô ÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×ÀÇ ÇлýµéÀº ÁÁÀº ±â·Ï(Çൿ)À» º¸¿©ÁÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø °Í °°´Ù. °¡Àå À¯¸íÇϰԵµ, ±Ç·ÂÀÇ ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ¿À¸¥ Alcibiades´Â ¾ÆÅ׳׻ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Sicily¸¦ ¼±Á¦°ø°ÝÇϱâ À§ÇØ ±º´ë¸¦ ÆÄ°ßÇϵµ·Ï ¼³µæÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ ±× °ø°ÝÀº Àç¾ÓÀ¸·Î º¯ÇÏ¿´°í, ±× ÈÄ Àû±¹ÀÎ Sparta·Î µµ¸Á°¡¼­ ¾ÆÅ×³×¿Í °¡Àå Àß ½Î¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ð¾åë(Á¶¾ð)ÇÏ¿´°í, ±× ÈÄ (SpartaÀÇ ¿Õºñ¿Í µ¿Ä§ÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡) ´Ù½Ã ¾ÆÅ׳×ÀÇ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Àû±¹ÀÎ Persia·Î µµ¸ÁÇÏ¿´´Ù. Alcibiades°¡ PlatoÀÇ 󰡒Symposium󰡓¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÑ ³»¿ëÀº ±×¿Í ¼º°ü°è¸¦ °¡Áöµµ·Ï Socrates¸¦ ¼³µæÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ °ÍÀ» ½½ÆÛÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ÀþÀºÀÌÀÎ Meno´Â ¹Ì´ö¿¡ °üÇÑ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ Åä·ÐÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ Socrates°¡ ¼±ÅÃÇÑ ´ëÈ­ÀÚ¿´´Ù. ±× ÈÄ Meno´Â ¾ÆÅ׳×ÏÚÀ» Persia·Î À̲ø°í °¡¼­ Persia ¿ÕÀÇ ±ÃÁ¤¿¡¼­ À̵æÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×ÀÇ ³ª¶ó¿Í ±º´ë¸¦ ¹è½ÅÇÏ¿´´Ù.(±× ÈÄ SocratesÀÇ ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ Á¦ÀÚÀÎ XenophonÀÌ ¿Àµµ°¡µµ ¸øÇÏ°Ô µÈ ¾ÆÅ×³× ÏÚÀ» ±¸ÃâÇÏ¿´´Ù.) ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ Socrates °í¹ßÀÚ ¼¼ ¸íÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÎ Anytus´Â Meno¿ÍÀÇ Åä·Ð¿¡ Âü¼®ÇÏ¿´¾ú´Ù.
SocratesÀÇ °¡Àå ³ªÀÌ ¸¹Àº ÇлýÀÎ Antisthenes´Â ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç »ý°¢Àº ºÐ¼âÇØ¹ö¸®Áö¸¸ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ »ý°¢Àº ÀüÇô Á¦¾ÈÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â SocratesÀÇ ¹ö¸©¿¡ ³Ê¹«³ª ÁÂÀýÇÏ¿© ̳êãùÊ÷ï(°ßÀ¯ÇÐÆÄ)ÀÇ Ã¹ ¹øÂ° »ç¶÷ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ¿Í Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¹Ùº¸ÁþÀ̶ó°í °á·ÐÀ» ³»·È°í, ´ç³ª±Í¸¦ ¸»À̶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇÏ´Â ´Ù¼ö°á ÅõÇ¥¸¦ Ç϶ó°í ¾ÆÅ׳׻ç¶÷µéÀ» Á¶·ÕÇÏ¿´°í, ±×¸®°í´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °øÀûÀÎ »î¿¡¼­ ¹°·¯³¯ °ÍÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÏ¿´´Ù. °ßÀ¯ÇÐÆÄ»ç¶÷µéÀº »çȸ·ÎºÎÅÍ ¶³¾îÁ® ³ª¿Í »ì °÷ÀÌ ¾ø´Â, Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹«°ü½ÉÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
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