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Things today are not quite that bad. But Madach's 19th-century verse contains an insight that belongs slap bang in the 21st. In the rich world the idea of progress has become impoverished. Through complacency and bitter experience, the scope of progress has narrowed. The popular view is that, although technology and GDP advance, morals and society are treading water or, depending on your choice of newspaper, sinking back into decadence and barbarism. On the left of politics these days, "progress" comes with a pair of ironic quotation marks attached on the right, "progressive" is a term of abuse.
It was not always like that. There has long been a tension between seeking perfection in life or in the afterlife. Optimists in the Enlightenment and the 19th century came to believe that the mass of humanity could one day lead happy and worthy lives here on Earth. Like Madach's Adam, they were bursting with ideas for how the world might become a better place.
Some thought God would bring about the New Jerusalem, others looked to history or evolution. Some thought people would improve if left to themselves, others thought they should be forced to be free some believed in the nation, others in the end of nations some wanted a perfect language, others universal education some put their hope in science, others in commerce some had faith in wise legislation, others in anarchy. Intellectual life was teeming with grand ideas. For most people, the question was not whether progress would happen, but how.
A. ¾îÈÖ
verse ãÌ(½Ã), ê¤Ùþ(¿î¹®). insight äÑãÛ(¾È½Ä), ÅëÂû.
slap bang ¶È¹Ù·Î, °©ÀÚ±â, ¼¼Â÷°Ô.
impoverished °¡³ÇØÁø, ¸Þ¸¶¸¥. complacency Àڱ⸸Á·, À§¾È, ¾È½É.
tread water ÁøÀüÀÌ ¾ø´Ù, Á¦ÀÚ¸®°ÉÀ½ÇÏ´Ù, Çö»ó À¯ÁöÇÏ´Ù.
decadence ¼èÅð, Ÿ¶ô. barbarism ¾ß¸¸, Ú±ËÒ(¹Ì°³).
abuse ³²¿ë, ¾Ç¿ë, øÉã§(Æó½À), ºÎÆÐ, µ¶¼³. perfection ¿Ïº®.
afterlife Àú½Â. optimist ³«°üÁÖÀÇÀÚ. the Enlightenment 18¼¼±â À¯·´ÀÇ °è¸ù»çÁ¶.
burst-burst-burst Æø¹ßÇÏ´Ù. bring about °¡Á®¿À´Ù, ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ´Ù.
looks to... ¿¡ ±â´ë¸¦ °É´Ù. universal education ±¹¹Î±³À°.
commerce ¹«¿ª, ÷×ßÂ(Åë»ó). legislation í¡Ûö(ÀÔ¹ý). anarchy ¹«Á¤ºÎ»óÅÂ.
intellectual ÁöÀûÀÎ, Áö½ÄÀÎ. teem Ãæ¸¸ÇÏ´Ù, ¸¹´Ù.
B. ±¸¹®
- with a pair of ironic quotation marks attached
cf. with+Noun+ing/p.p¡æ µ¶¸³ºÐ»ç±¸¹®ºÎ´ë»óȲ
ex. He walked, and his dog followed behind him.
¡æHe walked, his dog following behind him.
¡æHe walked with his dog following behind him.
C. ÓÞëù(´ëÀÇ)
¿À´Ã ³¯ÀÇ »óȲÀº ±×·¸°Ô ³ª»ÚÁö´Â ¾Ê´Ù. MadachÀÇ 19¼¼±â ãÌ´Â 21¼¼±â¿¡ ¸Å¿ì ÀûÇÕÇÑ Ì¸ãÛ(°ß½Ä)À» ´ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ³ª¶ó¿¡¼ Áøº¸ÀÇ °³³äÀº Åð»öÇØ ¹ö·È´Ù. Àڱ⸸Á·°ú ºñÅëÇÑ °æÇè ¶§¹®¿¡ Áøº¸¶ó´Â °³³äÀÇ ¹üÀ§°¡ Ãà¼ÒµÇ¾î¹ö·È´Ù. ºñ·Ï ±â¼ú°ú ±¹¹ÎÃÑ»ý»êÀº Áõ°¡ÇÏÁö¸¸ µµ´ö°ú »çȸ´Â Åð¶ô°ú ¾ß¸¸À¸·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ°¡¸é¼ Á¦ÀÚ¸®°ÉÀ½Çϰí Àְųª ±¸µ¶ÇÏ´Â ½Å¹®¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ Áøº¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °ßÇØÀÌ´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ Á¤Ä¡Àû ÁÂÆÄ¿¡°Ô´Â ¡°Áøº¸¡±´Â ³Ã¼ÒÀûÀÎ ÀοëºÎÈ£°¡ ºÙ¾î ´Ù´Ï°í ¿ìÆÄ¿¡°Ô´Â ¡°Áøº¸Àû¡±À̶ó´Â °ÍÀº äÂéÄ(¾Ç¿ë)À» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â ´Ü¾î°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
Ç×»ó ÀÌ·¸Áö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¿Ïº®ÀÇ Ãß±¸°¡ À̽ÂÀÇ ÀÏÀÎÁö ¾Æ´Ï¸é Àú½ÂÀÇ ÀÏÀÎÁö¸¦ µÎ°í å»íº(¾çÀÚ)»çÀÌ¿¡ ¿À·§µ¿¾È ±äÀåÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¿Ô´Ù. °è¸ùÁÖÀǽôë¿Í 19¼¼±âÀÇ ³«°üÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº Àηù´ëÁßÀº ¾ðÁ¨°¡´Â Áö»ó¿¡¼ ÇູÇÑ »îÀ» »ì¾Æ°¥ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. MadachÀÇ Adamó·³ ±×µéÀº ¼¼°è¸¦ º¸´Ù ´õ »ì±â ÁÁÀº °÷À¸·Î ¸¸µé±â À§ÇÑ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î¸¦ Æø¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î ½ñ¾Æ³»°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
ÀϺΠ»ç¶÷µéÀº ãêÀÌ New Jerusalem¡´Áö»ó³«¿øÀ» »ó¡¡µÀ» ÀÏÀ¸ÄÑ ¼¼¿ï °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´°í ÀϺδ ÁøÈ¿Í ¿ª»ç¿¡ ±â´ë¸¦ °É¾ú´Ù. ÀϺδ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±×´ë·Î ¿ÜºÎÀÇ °£¼·ÀÌ ¾øÀÌ ³öµÎ¸é °³¼±µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´°í ÀϺδ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÇØ¾ß µÈ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº ±¹°¡¸¦ ¹Ï¾ú°í ÀϺδ ±¹°¡ÀÇ Á¾¸»À» ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ¿Ïº®ÇÑ ¾ð¾î¸¦ ¿øÇÏ¿´°í ÀϺδ ±³À°ÀÇ º¸Æíȸ¦ ¿øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀϺδ °úÇп¡ Èñ¸ÁÀ» °É¾ú°í ÀϺδ Åë»ó¿¡ Èñ¸ÁÀ» µÎ¾ú´Ù. ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº Çö¸íÇÑ ÀÔ¹ýÀ», ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹«Á¤ºÎ»óŸ¦ ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÁöÀûÀÎ »îÀº ¿õ´ëÇÑ ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î·Î ³ÑÃijª°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¹®Á¦´Â Áøº¸°¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̳İ¡ ¾Æ´Ï°í ¾î¶»°Ô Áøº¸°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁú °ÍÀ̳Ĵ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
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