The idea of progress ¨ï

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All this scepticism, and more, is on display in Nineteen Eighty-Four" and "Brave New World", the two great British dystopian novels of the 20th century. In them George Orwell and Aldous Huxley systematically subvert each of the Enlightenment's engines of progress. Language-Orwell's Newspeak-is used to control people's thought. The individuals living on Airstrip One are dissolved by perpetual war into a single downtrodden "nation". In both books the elite uses power to oppress, not enlighten. Science in Huxley's London has become monstrous-babies raised in vitro in hatcheries are chemically stunted and the people are maintained in a state of drug-induced tranquillity. And in the year of our Ford 632, Huxley's world rulers require enthusiastic consumption to keep the factories busy and the people docile. Wherever the Enlightenment saw scope for human nature to improve, Orwell and Huxley warned that it could be debased by conditioning, propaganda and mind-control.

Crooked timber
The question is why neither Orwell's nor Huxley's nightmares have come to life. And the answer depends on the last pair of engines of progress: moral sensibility in its widest sense, and the institutions that make up what today is known as "governance". These broadly liberal forces offer hope for a better future-more, indeed, than you may think.

A. ¾îÈÖ
scepticism ȸÀÇÀû ŵµ, ÀǽÉ, ȸÀÇ. dystopian °áÇÔ»çȸÀÇ, »ì±â ¾î·Á¿î °÷ÀÇ.
systematically ü°èÀûÀ¸·Î, Á¶Á÷ÀûÀ¸·Î, ïÚæÔ(Á¤¿¬)ÇϰÔ.
subvert µÚ¾þ´Ù, Àüº¹ÇÏ´Ù, ŸµµÇÏ´Ù, Ÿ¶ô½ÃŰ´Ù.
Newspeak Á¶Áö ¿ÀÀ£ÀÇ ¼Ò¼³ ¡°1984¡±¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â ÀüüÁÖÀÇÀû Ãʰ­´ë±¹ OceaniaÀÇ °ø¿ë¾î.
Airstrip: One OceaniaÀÇ ÇÑ Áö¿ª À̸§.
dissolve éÁú°(¿ëÇØ)ÇÏ´Ù, ºÐÇØÇÏ´Ù, »ç¶óÁö°ÔÇÏ´Ù, ÇØ»êÇÏ´Ù.
perpetual ±×Ä¥ »õ ¾ø´Â, ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â, ¿µ¿øÇÑ.
downtrodden Çдë¹Þ´Â, ÀαÇÀÌ ë³×õ(À¯¸°)µÈ. oppress ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ´Ù, ÇдëÇÏ´Ù.
monstrous пäÂÙíÔ³(±Ø¾Ç¹«µµ)ÇÑ, ¼Ò¸§³¢Ä¡´Â, ±â±«ÇÑ.
in vitro ½ÃÇè°ü ³»¿¡¼­. hatchery Ý¢ûùíÞ(ºÎÈ­Àå).
stunt ¼ºÀåÀ» ÀúÁöÇÏ´Ù, ¼ºÀåÀ§Ãà. induce À¯µµÇÏ´Ù. tranquillity Æò¿Â, äÌð¡(¾ÈÁ¤).
Ford 632 Çä½½¸®ÀÇ ¼Ò¼³ ¡°Brave New World¡±¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â æÄûÜ(¿¬È£)¡´AD 2540¡µ.
consumption ¼Òºñ. docile ´Ù·ç±â ½¬¿î, êõâ÷(À¯¼ø)ÇÑ.
scope æ®ò¢(¿©Áö), ±âȸ, ¹üÀ§. debase ÁúÀ» ¶³¾î¶ß¸®´Ù, î¸æë(Àú¿­)ÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Ù.
conditioning ½É¸®Á¶ÀÛ. crooked ±ÁÀº, Ø¶ÍØ(¸¸°î)ÀÇ, ±âÇüÀÇ.
moral sensibility µµ´öÀǽÄ. institution Á¦µµ, °ü·Ê, ¼³¸³, ÇÐȸ.
governance ÅëÄ¡, Áö¹è, °ü¸®, ÅëÄ¡¹ý.

C. ÓÞëù(´ëÀÇ)
ÀÌ ¸ðµç ȸÀÇÀû ŵµ¿Í ±× ÀÌ»óÀÇ °ÍÀÌ 20¼¼±â ¿µ±¹ÀÇ À§´ëÇÑ 2ÆíÀÇ °áÇÔ»çȸ ¼Ò¼³
"Nineteen Eighty-Four"¡´1984³â¡µ°ú "Brave New World"¡´¸ÚÁø ½Å¼¼°è¡µ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª ÀÖ´Ù. µÎ ¼Ò¼³¿¡¼­ George Orwell°ú Aldous Huxley´Â °è¸ù»ç»óÀÇ ¹ßÀü ¿£ÁøµéÀ» ü°èÀûÀ¸·Î µÚ¾þ¾î ¹ö¸°´Ù. ¾ð¾î- OrwellÀÇ Newspeak(ãæåÞ)-´Â ±¹¹ÎÀÇ »ç»óÀ» ÅëÁ¦Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. Airstrip One¿¡ °ÅÁÖÇÏ´Â °³ÀεéÀº ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â ÀüÀï¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÇϳªÀÇ Çдë¹Þ´Â ¡°±¹¹Î¡±À¸·Î ºÐÇØµÇ¾î ¹ö¸°´Ù. µÎ ¼Ò¼³¿¡¼­ Áý±Ç ¿¤¸®Æ®´Â °è¸ùº¸´Ù´Â ¾ï¾ÐÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ±Ç·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. HuxleyÀÇ ·±´ø¿¡¼­ °úÇÐÀº ±Ø¾Ç¹«µµÇÏ´Ù-ºÎÈ­ÀåÀÇ ½ÃÇè°ü¿¡¼­ ¾çÀ°µÇ´Â ¾Æ±âµéÀº ¼ºÀåÀÌ ÀúÁöµÇµµ·Ï È­ÇÐó¸® µÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±¹¹ÎÀº ¾à¹°·Î À¯µµÇÏ¿© Æò¿ÂÇÑ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. Ford 632³â¿¡ HuxleyÀÇ ¼¼°èÁö¹èÀÚµéÀº °øÀåÀ» ¹Ù»Ú°Ô µ¹¾Æ°¡°Ô ÇÏ°í ±¹¹ÎÀ» À¯¼øÇÏ°Ô Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¿­±¤ÀûÀÎ ¼Òºñ¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. °è¸ùÁÖÀǰ¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ º»¼ºÀ» °³¼±ÇÒ ¿©Áö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸´Â °÷ ¸¶´Ù Orwell°ú Huxley´Â Àΰ£¼ºÀº ½É¸®Á¶ÀÛ°ú ¼±Àü¼±µ¿°ú ½É¸®ÅëÁ¦¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ î¸æë(Àú¿­)ÇÏ°Ô µÉ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í °æ°íÇÏ¿´´Ù.

±ÁÀº ³ª¹«
Àǹ®Á¡Àº Orwell°ú HuxleyÀÇ ¾Ç¸ùÀÌ ½ÇÇöµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ÀÌÀ¯ÀÌ´Ù. ÇØ´äÀº ÃÖÈÄÀÇ µÎ°³ ¹ßÀü ¿£Áø¿¡ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù. Áï °¡Àå ³ÐÀº Àǹ̿¡¼­ÀÇ µµ´öÀû °¨¼ö¼º°ú ¿À´Ã³¯ ¡°ÅëÄ¡¡±·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁø °ÍÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â Á¦µµ ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ °¡Áö ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ÈûÀº º¸´Ù ³ªÀº ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Èñ¸Á-¿ì¸®°¡ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °Í º¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹Àº °ÍÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.
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