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Yet it is easy to find corrupt democracies-indeed, in a ramshackle place like Afghanistan elections sometimes seem to make things worse. Or take the biggest of the ex-Soviet republics. Russia is authoritarian and has a massive problem with corruption Ukraine is more democratic-the forthcoming elections are a genuine contest for power, with uncertain results-but it too has quite a big corruption problem. Ukraine has no "Kremlin", wielding authority over all-comers, but that does not make it clean or well-governed.
What about the argument that economic development, at least in its early stages, is best pursued under a benign despot? Lee Kuan Yew, an ex-prime minister of Singapore, once asserted that democracy leads to "disorderly conduct", disrupting material progress. But there is no evidence that autocracies, on average, grow faster than democracies. For every economically successful East Asian (former) autocracy like Taiwan or South Korea, there is an Egypt or a Cameroon (or indeed a North Korea or a Myanmar) which is both harsh and sluggish.
The link between political systems and growth is hard to establish. Yet there is some evidence that, on average, democracies do better. A study by Morton Halperin, Joseph Siegle and Michael Weinstein for the Council of Foreign Relations (CFR), using World Bank data between 1960 and 2001, found that the average annual economic growth rate was 2.3% for democracies and 1.6% for autocracies. Other studies, though, are less clear.
A. ¾îÈÖ
democracies ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀDZ¹°¡µé. ramshackle °ð ¾²·¯Áú µíÇÑ, ÈçµéÈçµéÇÏ´Â.
republic °øÈ±¹. massive Å©°í ë¿ñì(À°Áß)ÇÑ. genuine ÁøÂ¥ÀÇ, ¼øÁøÇÑ.
wield Èֵθ£´Ù, Çà»çÇÏ´Ù. all-comers Èñ¸ÁÀÚ Àü¿ø.
pursue ½ÇÇàÇÏ´Ù, ¼öÇàÇÏ´Ù, Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Ù. benign ¿Â°ÇÇÑ, »ó³ÉÇÑ, Ä£ÀýÇÑ.
despot Àý´ë±ºÁÖ, µ¶ÀçÀÚ, Æø±º. disrupt È¥¶õ¿¡ ºü¶ß¸®´Ù, ºØ±«½ÃŰ´Ù, ºÐ¿ÇÏ´Ù.
autocracies µ¶Àç±¹°¡. harsh ¹«ÀÚºñÇÑ, °¡È¤ÇÑ. sluggish Ȱ¹ßÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ, ³ªÅÂÇÑ.
B. ÓÞëù(´ëÀÇ)
±×·¯³ª ºÎÆÐÇÑ ¹ÎÁÖ±¹°¡¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ½¬¿î ÀÏÀÌ´Ù-Afghanistanó·³ °ð ¾²·¯Áú µíÇÑ ³ª¶ó¿¡¼, ¼±°Å´Â ¶§¶§·Î »çŸ¦ ´õ ¾ÇȽÃŰ´Â °Í °°ÀÌ º¸ÀδÙ. ¾Æ´Ï¸é îñ ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ °øÈ±¹ Áß¿¡¼ Á¦ÀÏ Å« ³ª¶óµéÀ» ¿¹·Î µé¾î º¸ÀÚ. ·¯½Ã¾Æ´Â µ¶Àç±¹°¡ÀÌ°í ºÎÆÐ¶ó´Â Å« ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¾È°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ìÅ©¶óÀ̳ª´Â ·¯½Ã¾Æ º¸´Ù´Â ¹ÎÁÖÀûÀÌÁö¸¸-´Ù°¡¿À´Â ¼±°Å´Â òûÏí(Áý±Ç)À» À§ÇÑ ¼ø¼öÇÑ ÅõÀïÀÌÁö¸¸ °á°ú´Â ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù-¶ÇÇÑ Å« ºÎÆÐ¹®Á¦¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ìÅ©¶óÀ̳ª´Â Àü ±¹¹Î¿¡°Ô ±Ç·ÂÀ» Èֵθ£´Â KremlinÀº ¾øÁö¸¸ À̰ÍÀÌ ¿ìÅ©¶óÀ̳ª¸¦ ±ú²ýÇϰí Àß ÅëÄ¡µÇ´Â ³ª¶ó·Î ¸¸µéÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
°æÁ¦°³¹ßÀº, Àû¾îµµ Ãʱ⠴ܰ迡¼´Â, Ä£ÀýÇÑ µ¶ÀçÀÚÀÇ ÁöµµÇÏ¿¡¼ °¡Àå Àß ¼öÇàµÈ´Ù´Â ÁÖÀåÀº ¾î¶²°¡? SingaporeÀÇ Lee Kuan Yew îñ¼ö»óÀº ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ´Â ¹«Áú¼ÇÑ ÇൿÀ¸·Î À̲ø¾î¼ ¹°ÁúÀû ¹ßÀüÀ» îÁúª(ÀúÇØ)ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª µ¶Àç±¹°¡°¡ ¹ÎÁÖ±¹°¡º¸´Ù´Â ´õ »¡¸® ¼ºÀåÇÑ´Ù´Â Áõ°Å´Â ¾ø´Ù. ´ë¸¸°ú Çѱ¹Ã³·³ °æÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼º°øÇÑ ¸ðµç µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ±¹°¡¿¡ ºñÇØ¼ ¹«ÀÚºñÇÏ¸ç °æÁ¦¼ºÀåÀÌ È°¹ßÇÏÁö ¸ðÇÑ Egypt³ª Cameroon (ȤÀº North Korea ¶Ç´Â Myanmar)°°Àº ³ª¶óµµ ÀÖ´Ù.
Á¤Ä¡Ã¼Á¦¿Í °æÁ¦¼ºÀå°úÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ È®¸³ÇϱⰡ ¾î·Æ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Æò±ÕÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ÎÁÖ±¹°¡ÀÇ °æÁ¦°¡ ´õ »¡¸® ¹ßÀüÇÑ´Ù´Â Áõ°Å´Â ÀÖ´Ù. Council of Foreign Relations ¡´´ë¿Ü°ü°è ÀÚ¹®À§¿øÈ¸¡µ¸¦ À§ÇØ Morton Halperin, Joseph Siegle , Michael WeinsteinÀÌ 1960³âºÎÅÍ 2001³â±îÁöÀÇ ¼¼°èÀºÇà ÀڷḦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ½Ç½ÃÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¹ÎÁÖ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¿¬Æò±Õ ¼ºÀå·üÀº 2.3%¿´°í µ¶Àç±¹°¡ÀÇ °ÍÀº 1.6%¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±¸µé¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé Â÷À̰¡ ´ú ºÐ¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù.
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