138-3-649
The consequence of illness
The correlation is about 67%, and the chance that it might have come about at random is less than one in 10,000. But correlation is not causation, so Mr Eppig and his colleagues tried to eliminate other possible explanations. Previous work has offered income, education, low levels of agricultural labour (which is replaced by more mentally stimulating jobs), climate (the challenge of surviving cold weather might provoke the evolution of intelligence) and even distance from humanity¡¯s African homeland (novel environments could encourage greater intelligence) as explanations for national differences in IQ. However, all of these, except perhaps the last, are also likely to be linked to disease and, by careful statistical analysis, Mr Eppig and his colleagues show that all of them either disappear or are reduced to a small effect when the consequences of disease are taken into account.
There is, moreover, direct evidence that infections and parasites affect cognition. Intestinal worms have been shown to do so on many occasions. Malaria, too, is bad for the brain. A study of children in Kenya who survived the cerebral version of the disease suggests that an eighth of them suffer long-term cognitive damage. In the view of Mr Eppig and his colleagues, however, it is the various bugs that cause diarrhoea which are the biggest threat. Diarrhoea strikes children hard. It accounts for a sixth of infant deaths, and even in those it does not kill it prevents the absorption of food at a time when the brain is growing and developing rapidly.
A. ¾îÈÖ
correlation »ó°ü°ü°è. come about ÀϾ´Ù, »ý±â´Ù.
causation Àΰú°ü°è, ¿øÀÎ. eliminate Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Ù, Þûð¶(»èÁ¦)ÇÏ´Ù.
previous ÀÌÀüÀÇ, ¾Õ¼±. agricultural labour ³ó¾÷³ëµ¿.
provoke ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ´Ù, »ý±â°Ô ÇÏ´Ù, ȳª°Ô ÇÏ´Ù, µµ¹ßÇÏ´Ù.
evolution òäûù(ÁøÈ). novel »õ·Î¿î, ½Å±âÇÑ.
statistical analysis Åë°èÀû ºÐ¼®. reduce °¨¼ÒÇÏ´Ù.
infections Êïæø(°¨¿°), Àü¿°º´. parasites ±â»ýÃæ.
cognition ÀνĴɷÂ. direct Àý´ëÀûÀÎ, È®½ÇÇÑ, Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ.
intestinal íó(Àå)ÀÇ. intestinal worms üîõù(È¸Ãæ).
cerebral ÓÞÒà(´ë³ú), ³úÀÇ, ò±îÜ(ÁöÀû)ÀÎ. damage áßß¿(¼Õ»ó).
bugs º´¿ø±Õ, ¹Ì»ý¹°, ºó´ë, °ïÃæ. diarrhoea àÜÞá(¼³»ç).
infant À¯¾Æ, °«³¾Æ±â. absorption Èí¼ö.
B. ÓÞëù(´ëÀÇ)
»ó°ü°ü°è´Â ¾à 67%ÀÌ°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ìòëò(ÀÓÀÇ)·Î ¹ß»ýÇÒ È®·üÀº 1/10,000ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »ó°ü°ü°è´Â Àΰú°ü°è´Â ¾Æ´Ï±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Eppig¿Í ±×ÀÇ µ¿·áµéÀº ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¿äÀÎÀº Á¦°ÅÇÏ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â ¹ÎÁ· °£¿¡ IQÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀ¸·Î¼ ¼Òµæ, ±³À°, Àú¼öÁØÀÇ ³ó¾÷³ëµ¿(µÎ³ú¸¦ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â ÀÏ·Î ´ëüµÈ), ±âÈÄ(Ãß¿î ±âÈÄ¿¡¼ »ì¾Æ³²À¸·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀÌ Áö´ÉÀÇ ÁøÈ¸¦ ÃËÁøÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù), ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ÀηùÀÇ ¹ß»ýÁöÀÎ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ °Å¸®(»õ·Î¿î ȯ°æÀÌ Áö´ÉÀÇ ÁøÈ¸¦ ÃËÁøÇÏ¿´À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù)¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ¿´¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹ÎÁ· °£ÀÇ Áö´ÉÂ÷ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± ¼³¸í(¿äÀÎ)µéÀº ¸¶Áö¸· °Í(¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ °Å¸®)À» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í ¸ðµÎ Áúº´°ú °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô°í Áúº´ÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ °í·ÁÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ ÀÌ·± ¿äÀεéÀº ¸ðµÎ »ç¶óÁö°Å³ª ¿µÇâ·ÂÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Ãà¼ÒµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Eppig°ú ±×ÀÇ µ¿·áµéÀº ¸é¹ÐÇÑ Åë°èÀû ºÐ¼®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º¸¿© ÁØ´Ù.
´õ±¸³ª Àü¿°º´°ú ±â»ýÃæÀº ÀÎÁö´É·Â¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä£´Ù´Â È®½ÇÇÑ Áõ°Å°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¹Àº °æ¿ì¿¡ È¸ÃæÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¡´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆÇ¸íµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸»¶ó¸®¾Æµµ ³ú¿¡ ³ª»Ú´Ù. ¸»¶ó¸®¾Æ¿¡ °¨¿°µÇ¾î »ì¾Æ³²Àº KenyaÀÇ ¾î¸°À̵鿡 ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸´Â ¸»¶ó¸®¾Æ¸¦ ¾ÎÀº ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÇ 1/8ÀÌ Àå±â°£ÀÇ ÀÎÁö´É·Â¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÔ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ï½ÃÇØ ÁØ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Eppig °ú ±×ÀÇ µ¿·áµéÀÇ °ßÇØ¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÃÖ´ëÀÇ À§ÇùÀÌ µÇ´Â °ÍÀº ¼³»ç¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â º´¿ø±ÕµéÀÌ´Ù. ¼³»çº´ÀÌ ¾î¸°À̵éÀ» °Å¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¼³»ç´Â À¯¾Æ»ç¸Á ¿øÀÎÀÇ 1/6¿¡ ´ëÇØ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ°í ¼³»ç·Î ÀÎÇØ À¯¾Æ°¡ Á×Áö´Â ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ ¼³»ç´Â ³ú°¡ ±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ ¼ºÀåÇÏ°í ¹ß´ÞÇÏ´Â ½Ã±â¿¡ À½½Ä¹°ÀÇ Èí¼ö¸¦ ¸·´Â´Ù.
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