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Those left behind began to exploit an obvious market opportunity, offering private lessons on the side. This practice became so pervasive that by 2005 some 64% of urban students and 54% of rural ones resorted to private crammers in addition to regular schooling, according to Egypt’s Human Development Report. A 2002 World Bank study found that private tuition accounted for fully 1.6% of GDP, and other studies suggest it devours a whopping 20% of household spending in families with school-age children. A big reason why families are willing to spend so much is that the education system relies heavily on national exams, not only for rating students but also for placing them in the various faculties of the state universities that still account for 95% of college enrolment.
Since the 1960s these have been ranked by prestige, with medicine and engineering accepting only the highest-scoring students. The humanities, including law and education, are left with the dross. In effect, this creates a tyranny of exams largely based on rote learning. It forces unhappy students into disciplines they would not have chosen for themselves and produces a chronic imbalance between the skills of graduates and the needs of the marketplace. Egypt has a surplus of would-be lawyers, slapdash engineers and scarcely numerate accountants but few trained librarians, architects or actuaries.

A. 어휘
Those left behind 뒤에 남은 사람들.
exploit 활용하다, 착취하다. on the side 얼마간, ...한 기세인.
practice 慣行(관행). pervasive 蔓延(만연)된, 널리 퍼진.
urban 도시의. rural 시골의. resorted to ...에 의존하다.
crammer 注入式(주입식)으로 가르치는 교사. regular schooling 정규수업.
tuition 수업료. accounted for 떠맡다. devour 집어 삼키다.
whopping 터무니없는. household spending 가계지출. rate 평가하다.
faculties 學部(학부), 학과, 교수단. prestige 위신, 信望(신망).
humanities 인문학과. dross 찌꺼기. tyranny 폭정.
rote learning 암기식 수업. rote 기계적인 방법. disciplines 학과, 학문.
chronic 만성적인. graduates 졸업생. surplus 過剩(과잉).
would-be ...이 되려고 하는. slapdash 무모한.
scarcely numerate 數理(수리)에 능하지 못한. accountants 회계사.
librarian 司書(사서). actuaries 보험계리인.