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The Loyalists were of many kinds and conditions. There was a religious dimension. Presbyterians were apt to be Patriots, Anglicans often Tories. Many slaves, tempted by freedom, joined Loyalist units, such as Lord Dunmore’s Ethiopian Regiment so did many, though not all, of the Native American tribes on the frontier. Quakers and Catholics sided with the king, and so did many settlers of German and Dutch origin, as well as most Scots Highlanders, who had sworn an oath of loyalty to the Hanoverian crown in defeat and were not about to go back on it. Some tenant farmers fought alongside their Tory landlords, while others were Loyalists out of hostility to Patriot landlords. Some were tempted by promises of land, others by the fact that the king’s armies paid in a gold-backed currency, not paper dollars.
Like other civil wars, the American revolution was marked by brutality on a sickening scale. Both sides shot and hanged prisoners without mercy, and on at least two occasions Patriots enforced the gruesome punishment of hanging, drawing and quartering. While the Native American braves recruited to fight for the crown by the Johnson and Butler chieftains of the Mohawk valley scalped, tortured and sometimes burned their prisoners alive, the Patriots tarred and feathered Loyalists, or forced them to ride on a sharpened rail, and many Loyalist houses were looted and burned. Patriotic legend remembers the violence of British officers, but rebel officers, including General Washington himself, could be ruthless when policy recommended it. The future father of his country once proposed shooting a few Tories to “strike terror into the others”. In real life, civil wars are not Tea Parties.

A. 어휘
conditions 신분, 지위. dimension 一面(일면), 특징, 次元(차원).
Presbyterians 장로교 회원. Patriots 애국자(독립지지자).
Anglicans 영국성공회 신도. tempt 유혹하다. Regiment 聯隊(연대).
frontier 邊境(변경). Scots Highlanders 스코틀랜드 고원지대 사람.
sware-swore- sworn 맹세하다. oath 맹세, 誓約(서약).
Hanoverian crown 영국 하노버 王家(왕가).
tenant farmers 小作農(소작농). landlords 地主(지주).
hostility 敵意(적의), 적대행위.
gold-backed currency 金本位(금본위) 通貨(통화).
brutality 잔인, 야만적 행위. sickening 구역질나게 하는, 신물 나는.
hang 교수형에 처하다. occasions 경우, 때. enforce 집행하다.
gruesome 소름끼치는, 무시무시한. drawing 말에 매달아서 끌면서 죽이는 형벌.
quartering 陵遲處斬(능지처참).
braves 勇士(용사), 아메리카 인디언의 전사. the crown 영국 국왕을 가리킴.
chieftains 추장, 首領(수령). scalp 머리 가죽을 벗기다.
tarred and feathered 모에 타르를 칠하고 새의 깃털을 꽂아 놓다(엄한 형벌).
loot 약탈하다. Patriotic legend 애국적인 전설.