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This private-public shift has transformed the trade union movement. In the 1950s unions were solidly working class, dominated by men who had left school at 16 and leant left on economics but right on social issues. Today they are much more middle-class: more than a quarter of American unionists have college degrees, and even more have liberal views on social and environmental issues.
The shift has also created tension between the public and private sectors. The private sector is dominated by competition and turbulence. Performance-related pay is the norm, and redundancy commonplace. The public sector, by contrast, is a haven of security and stability. Many people have jobs for life and performance measures are rare. The result is a paradox: the typical public worker is better off than the people he is supposed to serve, and the gap has widened significantly over the past decade. In America, pay and benefits have grown twice as fast in the public sector as they have in the private sector.
Now that the sovereign-debt crisis is forcing governments to put their houses in order, the growing discrepancy between conditions in the public and private sectors has eroded much of the sympathy public-sector workers might once have enjoyed. This briefing will look at what the future holds for them. But first it will try to answer two questions: how did public-sector unions become so powerful? And what impact has their power had on the way the public sector works?

A. 어휘
shift 轉換(전환), 變遷(변천).
private-public shift 민간노조에서 공공노조로의 이동.
transform 변형시키다. solidly 확고하게. working class 근로계층, 노동자계급.
dominate 주도하다, 우세하다. leant left 좌경화하다, 왼쪽(좌파)으로 기울다.
liberal views 진보적 관점. turbulence 動亂(동란), 소란, 거칠게 몰아침.
Performance-related pay 업무수행과 연계된 봉급체계.
norm 표준, 기준. redundancy 失業(실업), 해고, 과잉, 여분.
haven 피난처, 항구, 안식처. stability 安定(안정).
performance measures 근무성적평가(측정). paradox 역설.
paradox 역설. benefits 사회보장제도의 給付金(급부금), 연금.
Now that=since. sovereign-debt 국가부채. cf. sovereign 주권국.
discrepancy 相違(상위), 불일치. erode 침식하다.