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Public-sector reform is gritty work. Do it well, and a state could provide the same services and benefits for less money. Yet politicians also need to tackle the question of whether the state should be handing out so much to so many. Here politics matters much more, both because voters are more protective of their perks and because there are genuine ideological choices to be made. This paper, for instance, would take an axe to industrial subsidies and to tax breaks (the latter are worth $1 trillion a year in America alone) it would also push up pensionable ages much more quickly than most Western governments are currently doing—and index them to longevity.
The hardest issue of all to tackle will be the perks that currently flow to the middle classes and the elderly. Benefits that were originally designed for the poor have become sops for the middle class others are going to the elderly for longer than anyone expected. The “all you can eat” buffet nature of European welfare states not only prompts overconsumption it also means that even those who do well out of the state have little idea how much it is costing overall. Again, the more transparent and modern the state is, the easier it will be to talk about means-testing currently universal benefits.

A. 어휘
Public-sector reform 공공부문개혁. gritty 斷乎(단호)한, 모래가 들어 껄Rm러운.
tackle 대결하다. perks=perquisite 수입, 소득.
genuine 眞性(진성)의, 순진한, 진짜의. industrial subsidies 산업보조금.
pensionable ages 연금수령 가능한 연령. currently 현재에.
index 목록에 넣다. longevity 年功加俸(연공가봉).
sops 우유 등에 적신 빵조각, 비위를 맞추기 위한 선물, 賂物(뇌물).
buffet 뷔페식 요리, 타격, 悲運(비운). out of the state 국가의 보호에서 벗어난.
transparent 투명한. means 방법, 수단.
testing currently universal benefits 현재의 보편적 복지정책을 테스트하면서.