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FOR all its pomp and tradition, Britain has played an outsized role in promoting radical thought about the state. In the 19th century it championed modernisation, with the same liberal Victorians who campaigned for free trade (and set up this newspaper) also dismantling the courtly system under which posts in government were sold off or given to political allies. The Northcote-Trevelyan report of 1854 led to the creation of a politically neutral civil service, with appointments made on merit. Liberals prided themselves on the leanness of a state that ruled India with a few thousand bureaucrats. John Stuart Mill, himself a civil servant, famously defined this minimalism: “The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant.”
Yet as the 19th century wore on, “New Liberals”, including Mill himself, began to question the morality of the “night-watchman state”. How could liberty flourish when so many people lived in misery and ignorance? Reforming governments introduced compulsory education, laws to regulate safety at work, tax-funded libraries and welfare—all robustly condemned by Herbert Spencer in his libertarian bible, “The Man versus the State” (1884). But the intellectual traffic was mainly towards more intervention, with socialists (Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were based in London) and then Fabians taking New Liberal arguments Fabians . A more active state became the answer.

A. 어휘
Radical 급진적인. fusty 곰팡내 나는. pomp 호화, 壯麗(장려).
outsized 特大(특대)의. dismantle 철거하다, 제거하다, 무장해제하다.
courtly 궁중의, 품위 있는, 아첨하는. posts 官職(관직).
sell off 投賣(투매)하다, 싸게 팔다. allies 동맹자, 同盟國(동맹국).
politically neutral civil service 정치적으로 중립적인 행정기구.
appointments 관직임명. on merit. 능력에 근거하여.
leanness 야윈 것. the leanness of a state 국가역할의 최소화.
bureaucrats 관리. minimalism 최소화. power 국가권력.
exercise 行使(행사)하다, 집행하다. civilised community 문명사회.
harm 피해를 주는 것. good 이익. sufficient 충분한.
warrant 정당한 이유, 권한, 허가증, 令狀(영장).
wore on 지나가다, 계속되다, 흐르다. cf. wear-wore-worn
“night-watchman state” 夜警國家(야경국가). flourish 번영하다.
misery 비참. ignorance 無知(무지). Reforming governments 개혁적인 정부.
compulsory education 의무교육. regulate 규제하다.
robustly 격렬하게, 건강하게. condemned 비난하다, 선고하다.
Herbert Spencer(1820-1903) 영국의 철학자. libertarian 자유주의자.
versus 對(대). intellectual traffic 지적 進路(진로).
intervention 국가의 介入(개입).
Fabians 19세기 영국에서 창립된 사회주의 단체인 Fabian Society 회원.