170-3-775
To this Roman ideal of republicanism the thinkers of the Enlightenment added more liberal notions of freedom. John Locke injected a rather English emphasis on property and individualism. France’s Baron de Montesquieu, a huge influence on America’s founders, celebrated the commercial aspects of liberty. He also spelled out the separation of powers between the executive, legislative and judicial branches.
Against this intellectual backdrop, much of the famous debate that took place in 1787 and 1788, as the states had to ratify the proposed new constitution, was about how indirect America’s democracy should be. Both sides showed fealty to the historical ideal by writing under Roman pen names. Madison, Hamilton and John Jay, in the Federalist Papers, wrote as Publius, one of republican Rome’s first consuls. The Anti-Federalists opposing the constitution wrote as Brutus, the other consul, or as Cato.
The Anti-Federalists made a populist case for a direct democracy in which citizens participated actively, says Thomas Pangle, a professor at the University of Texas at Austin. The Federalists considered this view naive and dangerous. The society they envisioned was to be large, diverse and commercial. Madison, in particular, worried that a majority might oppress minorities, and that elected representatives might legislate out of “passion”.

A. 어휘
the Enlightenment 啓蒙思潮(계몽사조). notions 개념.
inject 도입하다, 주입하다, 注射(주사)하다. emphasis 강조.
property 재산. celebrate 찬양하다, 축하하다. aspects 樣相(양상), 국면, 견해, 모양.
spelled out 상세히 설명하다. the separation of powers 권력의 분립.
backdrop 배경. ratify 批准(비준)하다, 認准(인준)하다.
the executive, legislative and judicial branches. 행정부, 입법부, 사법부.
fealty 충성, 충실. the Federalist Papers 연방주의자 신문.
case 주장. naive 순진한. envision 마음속에 그리다, 상상하다.
diverse 다양한. representatives 대표자, 대의원, 議員(의원).
legislate 입법하다. “passion” 激情(격정).