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The cost of all this pettifoggery is huge—unless, that is, you are a member of one of the cartels that pushes for pettifogging rules or an employee of one of the bureaucratic bodies charged with enforcing them. Morris Kleiner of the University of Minnesota calculates that licensing boosts the income of licensees by about 15%. In other words, it has about the same impact on wages as membership of a trade union does. (Trade unionists who are also protected by licences enjoy a 24% boost to their hourly wages.) Mr Kleiner also argues that licensing slows job-creation: by comparing occupations that are regulated in some states but not in others he found that job growth between 1990 and 2000 was 20% higher in unregulated occupations than in regulated ones.
The Institute for Justice, a free-market pressure group, argues that this is only the beginning of the Raj’s sins. The patchwork of regulations makes it hard for people to move from state to state. The burden of regulations falls most heavily on ethnic minorities (who are less likely to have educational qualifications) and on women (who might want to return to work after raising their children). States that demand that funeral directors must also qualify as embalmers, for example, have 24% fewer female funeral directors than those that don’t.

A. 어휘
pettifoggery 엉터리 수단, 挾雜(협잡). cartels 기업연합.
bureaucratic bodies 관료기구. licensees 면허소지자. impact 영향, 충격.
trade union 勞組(노조). regulate 규제하다.
unregulated occupations 규제를 받지 않는 직종.
The Institute for Justice 정의를 위한 연구소.
patchwork 잡동사니, 주워 모은 것. ethnic minorities 小數(소수) 인종.
qualifications 자격.