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ON JUNE 20th Zine el-Abedine Ben-Ali, Tunisia’s former ruler, was sentenced in absentia to 35 years in prison. Many trace the origins of the popular rebellion that forced him from office to frustration over the treatment by the police of a young man with few job prospects. That combustible mixture of authoritarianism, unemployment and youth has played a big role in sparking many of the popular uprisings across the Middle East and north Africa that followed Tunisia’s. But some argue that increased education should also take credit for the Arab spring.
Many of the countries where disaffection with strongmen rulers has spilled over into revolt have seen their education levels rise sharply in recent decades. Young people in these countries are far better educated than their parents were. In 1990 the average Egyptian had 4.4 years of schooling by 2010 the figure had risen to 7.1 years. Could it be that education, by making people less willing to put up with restrictions on freedom and more willing to question authority, promotes democratisation?
Ideas about the links between education, income and democracy are at the heart of what social scientists in the middle of the last century termed the “modernisation hypothesis”. One of its most famous proponents, Seymour Lipset, wrote in 1959 that “education presumably broadens men’s outlooks, enables them to understand the need for norms of tolerance, restrains them from adhering to extremist and monistic doctrines, and increases their capacity to make rational electoral choices.”

A. 어휘
enthusiasm 열광, 의욕, 열의. representative politics 代議(대의)정치.
sentence 宣告(선고)하다. absentia 결석.
in absentia 闕席裁判(궐석재판)에서. trace 추적하다, 거슬러 올라가다.
popular rebellion 大衆(대중)의 반란. frustration 挫折(좌절).
prospects 전망. combustible 燃燒性(연소성)의. authoritarianism 독재, 권위주의.
uprisings 蜂起(봉기). take credit for ...에 대한 공을 인정받다.
disaffection 불만. strongmen 독재자, 실력자. spill 넘치다, 엎질러지다.
revolt 반란, 叛逆(반역). figure 數値(수치).
put up with=tolerate 견디다. restrictions 제한.
question authority 권위에 의문을 표시하다. term 부르다, 칭하다.
hypothesis 假設(가설). proponents 提案者(제안자).
presumably 아마, 추측상. norms 기준, 규범. tolerance 관용.
restrain 방지하다, 억제하다. adhere to 附着(부착)하다, 집착하다.
extremist 극단주의자. monistic 一元論的(일원론적)인.
rational 합리적인, 이성적인.