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Since then plenty of economists and political scientists have looked for statistical evidence of a causal link between education and democratisation. Many have pointed to the strong correlation that exists between levels of education and measures like the pluralism of party politics and the existence of civil liberties (see left-hand chart). The patterns are similar when you look at income and democracy. There are outliers, of course—until recently, many Arab countries managed to combine energy-based wealth and decent education with undemocratic political systems. But some deduce from the overall picture that as China and other authoritarian states get more educated and richer, their people will agitate for greater political freedom, culminating in a shift to a more democratic form of government.
This apparently reasonable intuition is shakier than it seems. Critics of the hypothesis point out that correlation is hardly causation. The general trend over the past half-century may have been towards rising living standards, a wider spread of basic education and more democracy, but it is entirely possible that this is being driven by another variable. Even if the correlation were not spurious, it would be difficult to know which way causation ran. Does more education lead to greater democracy? Or are more democratic countries better at educating their citizens?

A. 어휘
political scientists 정치학자. statistical 통계적인.
causal 우연한, 뜻밖의, 격식을 차리지 않는. correlation 상관관계.
measures 수단, 方策(방책). pluralism 多元(다원), 복수性(성), 겸직.
party politics 정당정치. civil liberties 시민의 자유.
patterns 유형, 원형, 龜鑑(귀감). outliers 국외자. deduce 推論(추론)하다.
authoritarian states 독재국가. agitate 동요하다, 선동하다, 喚起(환기)시키다.
culminate 최고점에 달하다. shift 이동, 변동, 轉換(전환).
apparently 분명히. intuition 직관. Critics 비판자, 비평가.
hypothesis 假說(가설). causation 因果關係(인과관계), 원인.
trend 趨勢(추세). variable 變數(변수), 變項(변항). spurious 가짜의, 위조의.