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12-1-72
About Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn was a Russian novelist, short story writer, and historian. An outspoken critic of communism and the Soviet Union, Solzhenitsyn published only one book in his home country – ¡°One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich¡± in 1962 – but by the end of the decade, he was widely revered as one of the best writers in the world, winning the Nobel Prize of Literature in 1970.
Four years later, after publishing ¡°The Gulag Archipelago,¡± Solzhenitsyn was exiled from Russia, where he returned in 1994, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. He passed away in 2008.
¡°The Gulag Archipelago¡±
In 1970, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn won the Nobel Prize in Literature ¡°for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature.¡±
Today, however, he is mostly remembered as the author of ¡°The Gulag Archipelago,¡± a gargantuan non-fiction work in three volumes on which he worked for more than a decade and which resulted in his exile from the Soviet Union once it was published in Paris in 1973.
How could it not? The book – which is extremely difficult to summarize – chronicles the legal and political history of the gulag, i.e., the Soviet forced labor camp system, and is based on his personal experience, the testimony of as many as 256 former prisoners, and all-encompassing research.
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Aleksandr SolzhenitsynÀº ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¼Ò¼³°¡ÀÌ°í ´ÜÆí ÀÛ°¡ÀÌ°í ¿ª»ç°¡ÀÌ´Ù. °ø»êÁÖÀÇ¿Í áÌÖ¤(¼Ò·Ã)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ë°ñÀûÀÎ ºñÆÇ°¡ÀÎ SolzhenitsynÀº ±×ÀÇ Á¶±¹¿¡¼´Â 1962³â¿¡ ´ÜÁö ÇÑ ±ÇÀÇ Ã¥ ¡ª¡°Ivan DenisovichÀÇ »îÀÇ ÇϷ硱¡ª¸¸ Ãâ°£ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ ±× ÈÄ 10³â ³¡¿¡ °¡¼´Â ¼¼°è¿¡¼ °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ÀÛ°¡ ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷À¸·Î Á¸°æ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç 1970³â¿¡´Â ³ëº§¹®ÇлóÀ» ¼ö»óÇÏ¿´´Ù.
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±×·¯³ª ¿À´Ã³¯ ±×´Â ÁÖ·Î ¡°¼ö¿ë¼Ò ±ºµµ¡±ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ·Î ±â¾ïµÇ´Âµ¥ ¡°¼ö¿ë¼Ò ±ºµµ¡±´Â ±×°¡ 10³â ÀÌ»óµ¿¾È ¾´ 3±ÇÀ¸·Î µÈ °Å´ëÇÑ ³íÇÈ¼Ç ÀÛÇ°ÀÌ°í 1973³â¿¡ Æĸ®¿¡¼ ÃâÆǵǾúÀ» ¶§ ¼Ò·ÃÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×ÀÇ Ãß¹æÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿Â ÀÛÇ°ÀÌ´Ù. ¾î¶»°Ô Ãß¹æ´çÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ°Ú³ª? ±× Ã¥¡ª¿ä¾àÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áö±ØÈ÷ ¾î·Á¿îµ¥¡ªÀº ±× ±ºµµÀÇ ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀÌ°í Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ¿ª»ç, Áï ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ °Á¦³ëµ¿¼ö¿ë¼ÒÁ¦µµÀÇ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ±â·ÏÇÏ°í(chronicle: ¿¬´ë¼øÀ¸·Î ±â·ÏÇÏ´Ù) ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °æÇè°ú 256¸í¸¸Å ¸¹Àº îñ Á˼öµéÀÇ Áõ¾ð°ú ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ Á¶»çÈ°µ¿¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÎ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
12-2-73
Parallel to this general historical account – which, for the first time, pointed the finger of blame for the gulags in the direction of Lenin in addition to the many pointed at Stalin – Solzhenitsyn describes the particular experience of a zek (short for ¡°zakliuchennyi¡±, a Russian term for ¡°prisoner¡±), depicting his typical route from the arrest and the show trial to his inhumane treatment and eventual release.
Usually, the torment started in the middle of the night when the future prisoners were at their most disoriented mood. Sometimes – such as right before and after the war or during the years of 1929-30 – the government didn¡¯t hold anything back, arresting thousands of people on a daily basis. For example, during the Great Purge of 1936-8, modern studies estimate that as many as 1,000,000 people lost their lives on suspicion of being saboteurs and counter-revolutionaries. Of course, many more were arrested and put in the gulags after a brief interrogation based on a presumption of guilt – and it was almost impossible to prove yourself otherwise. Either way, you were in for a treat! That is if you are a masochist and by ¡°treat¡± you mean ¡°a vicious torture¡± and a prolonged lesson in the art of discipline and punishment given by the Bluecaps. And these Bluecapse surely knew their business: as if a modern Inquisition, they were capable of subjecting one of at least 31 different (documented) types of serious mental and physical brutalization.
ÀÌ·± Àü¹ÝÀû ¿ª»ç À̾߱â¿Í º´ÇàÇؼ¡ªÀÌ°ÍÀº óÀ½À¸·Î ¼ö¿ë¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇؼ StalinÀ» ÇâÇÑ ¸¹Àº ºñ³ÀÇ ¼Õ°¡¶ô¿¡ ´õÇؼ Lenin ÂÊÀ¸·Î ÇâÇÑ °ÍÀªSolzhenitsynÀº zek( Á˼ö¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â ¡°zakliuchennyi¡±ÀÇ Ãà¾àÇü)¡ªÀÇ Æ¯º°ÇÑ °æÇèÀ» ±â¼úÇϸç üÆ÷¿Í º¸¿©ÁÖ±â ÀçÆÇ¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ ºñÀΰ£ÀûÀΠó¿ì¿Í ÃÖÁ¾Àû ¼®¹æ¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ °úÁ¤À» ¹¦»çÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´ëü·Î °í¹®Àº ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ Á˼öµéÀÌ ³¸¼± »óȲ¿¡¼ °¥ÇǸ¦ ¸ø Àâ°í ÀÖ´Â(disoriented) »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ÀÎ ¹ãÁß¿¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ¶§·Î´Â ¡ªÀüÀï Á÷Àü¡¤Á÷ÈÄ¿¡ ¶Ç´Â 1929~1930³â°ú °°Àº ±×·± ¶§¡ªÁ¤ºÎ´Â ¸ÅÀÏ ¼öõ ¸íÀ» üÆ÷ÇÏ´Â µ¥¿¡ Á¶±Ýµµ ÁÖÀúÇÔÀÌ(hold anything back) ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î¼ 1936~1938³âÀÇ ÓÞ¼÷û µ¿¾È¿¡ 1,000,000¸íÀ̳ª µÇ´Â ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷ÀÌ Æı«ºÐÀÚ ¶Ç´Â ¹ÝÇõ¸íºÐÀÚ úîë÷(ÇøÀÇ)·Î ¸ñ¼ûÀ» ÀÒ¾ú´Ù°í Çö´ëÀÇ ¿¬±¸µéÀÌ Æò°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹°·Ð ´õ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷ÀÌ À¯ÁËÃßÁ¤¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÎ°í ÇÑ °£´ÜÇÑ ½É»ç ÈÄ¿¡ üÆ÷µÇ¾î ¼ö¿ë¼Ò¿¡ ¼ö°¨µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ´Þ¸® ÀÔÁõÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾î·µç ´ëÁ¢¹Þ±â À§ÇØ µé¾î¿Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù! ÇÇÇдëÀ½¶õÁõ ȯÀÚ¶ó¸é ±×·¸´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ°í ¡°´ëÁ¢¡±Àº ¡°»ç¾ÇÇÑ °í¹®¡±À» ÀǹÌÇÏ°í Bluecaps(¼Ò·Ã ±º°æ)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â Çü¹ú°ú ¡¹ú ±â¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àå±â ÇнÀÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌµé ±º°æµéÀº È®½ÇÈ÷ ±×µéÀÇ °ú¾÷À» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº Çö´ëÀÇ Áß¼¼ Á¾±³ÀçÆÇ°üÀÎ °Íó·³ 31°³ Á¾·ùÀÇ(±â·ÏµÈ) Ȥ½ÉÇÑ(serious) Á¤½ÅÀû À°Ã¼Àû °¡È¤ÇàÀ§ Áß¿¡¼ Àû¾îµµ Çϳª´Â ½ÇÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
12-3-74
Since even admitting guilt affected their behavior not one bit, it was basically for the sheer fun of it! Now, ¡°first love¡± is a phrase you are used to hearing in somewhat more positive contexts, but back in the pre-war Soviet Union, you could hear it uttered by the gulag guards as they introduced the zeks to their first cells. The zeks really hoped that something would change once the Red Army won the Second World War, but their hope was in vain. The only thing that changed was the number of prisoners, which suddenly included numerous émigrés and POWs. And, in a very short time, almost all of Stalin¡¯s numerous real or imagined enemies.
The procedure was the same for everybody: an arrest performed through the use of massive force, a show trial for the people to learn of the guilt of the prisoner, and then either a 25-year sentence or a capital punishment. In time, the number of capital punishments – which surged during the pre-war Great Purge – is reduced, which means that the number of gulag inmates has steadily risen.
Á˸¦ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °Íµµ ±×µéÀÇ(±º°æÀÇ) Çൿ¿¡ Á¶±Ýµµ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×°Í(Á˸¦ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °Í)Àº ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼øÀüÈ÷ Àç¹Ì »ï¾Æ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦´Â(¿À´Ã³¯¿¡´Â) ¡°Ã¹»ç¶û¡±Àº ´Ù¼Ò ´õ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ »óȲ(contexts)¿¡¼ Àͼ÷ÇÏ°Ô µè°Ô µÇ´Â åÞÏ£(¾î±¸)ÀÌÁö¸¸ °ú°Å(back) îúîñ(ÀüÀü)ÀÇ ¼Ò·Ã¿¡¼´Â ¼ö¿ë¼Ò °æºñº´µéÀÌ Á˼öµéÀ» °¨¹æ¿¡ ²ø¾î ³ÖÀ» ¶§¿¡ °æºñº´µéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» µéÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Á˼öµéÀº îåÏÚ(Àû±º: Red Army)ÀÌ 2Â÷ ¼¼°èÀüÀï¿¡¼ ½Â¸®ÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ ¹º°¡°¡ º¯Çϱ⸦ Èñ¸ÁÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ ±×µéÀÇ Èñ¸ÁÀº ÇêµÈ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô º¯ÇÑ °ÍÀº Á˼öµéÀÇ ¼ö¿´À¸¸ç ±× ¼ö¿¡´Â °©Àڱ⠼ö¸¹Àº ¸Á¸íÀÚ¿Í ÀüÀïÆ÷·ÎµéÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ªÀº ±â°£µ¿¾È¿¡´Â °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç StalinÀÇ ¼ö¸¹Àº ÁøÂ¥ ¶Ç´Â »ó»óÀÇ(imagined: StalinÀÌ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â) ÀûµéÀÌ (Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ¾ú´Ù).
¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ±× ÀýÂ÷´Â µ¿ÀÏÇÏ¿´´Ù: ´ë±Ô¸ð º´·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» ÅëÇØ ¼öÇàµÇ´Â üÆ÷, ±× Á˼öÀÇ Á˸¦ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾Ëµµ·Ï Çϱâ À§ÇÑ °ø°³ÀçÆÇ, ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â 25³â ¶Ç´Â »çÇü¼±°í (¿´´Ù). ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³ª¸é¼ »çÇü¼±°íÀÇ ¼ö´Â¡ªîúîñ(ÀüÀü) ´ë¼÷û ±â°£¿¡ °©ÀÚ±â Áõ°¡Çß¾ú´Âµ¥¡ª °¨¼ÒµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥ ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¼ö¿ë¼Ò ¼ö°¨ÀÚÀÇ ¼ö°¡ ²ÙÁØÈ÷ Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.
12-4-75
Since some of these are wicked thieves – as opposed to the more intellectually-oriented political prisoners of before – the life in the gulags for many becomes even less bearable than before. And this leads to some fairly unexpected developments, such as the 1953 Vorkuta and the 1954 Kengir uprising, the latter of which lasted for an unprecedented period of two whole months and resulted in the creation of a mock government and a blooming cultural activity.
Things get better after the death of Stalin and Khrushchev¡¯s secret speech denouncing his cult, but, even so, Solzhenitsyn felt a moral obligation to write this book. Now we know that it contributed to the fall of the Soviet empire possibly more than any other.
Key Lessons from ¡°The Gulag Archipelago¡±
The Soviets Had Their Own Concentration Camps
You probably know a lot about Nazi concentration camps, but not that much about the gulags operated by the Soviet Union for the four decades between 1918 and 1956. ¡°The Gulag Archipelago¡± is the defining book on the subject. And it boils down to: most gulags were just as bad as Auschwitz. But, unfortunately, much less known.
Ideology Gives Evil the Necessary Determination
At one famous point in the book, Solzhenitsyn explains why Macbeth and Iago were little lambs compared to Hitler and Stalin. Keyword: Ideology. The former two didn¡¯t have one; whether Nazism or communism, the latter two rooted their evil firmly within it:
À̵é Á˼ö Áß ÀϺδ »ç¾ÇÇÑ Àýµµ¹üµéÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡¡ªÀÌÀüÀÇ ÁöÀû ¼ºÇâÀÇ Á¤Ä¡¹üµé°ú ´ëÁ¶µÇ´Â¡ª¼ö¿ë¼ÒÀÇ ¸¹Àº Á˼ö¿¡°Ô´Â »ýÈ°ÀÌ ÀÌÀüº¸´Ù´Â °ßµð±â°¡ ¾î·Á¿öÁ³¾ú´Ù(less bearable). ±×¸®°í ÀÌ°ÍÀº 1953³âÀÇ Vorkuta ºÀ±â¿Í 1954³âÀÇ Kengir ºÀ±â °°Àº ¸Å¿ì ¿¹±âÄ¡ ¾Ê´Â »çÅÂ(developments)¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Ä״µ¥ Kengir ºÀ±â(the latter)´Â Àüü 2°³¿ùÀ̶ó´Â Àü·Ê°¡ ¾ø´Â ±â°£ µ¿¾È Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú°í ¸ðÀÇÁ¤ºÎ¿Í ²É °°Àº ¹®ÈÈ°µ¿ÀÇ Ã¢Á¶¶ó´Â °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿Ô´Ù. StalinÀÇ Á×À½°ú Stalin ¼þ¹è¸¦ ºñ³ÇÏ´Â KhrushchevÀÇ ¿¬¼³ÀÌ ÀÖÀº ÈÄ¿¡ »óȲ(things)ÀÌ È£ÀüµÇ¾úÁö¸¸ ½ÉÁö¾î ±×·¸´õ¶óµµ SolzhenitsynÀº ÀÌ Ã¥(¼ö¿ë¼Ò ±ºµµ)À» ½á¾ß ÇÒ Àǹ«¸¦ ´À²¼¾ú´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ ¿ì¸®´Â ±× Ã¥ÀÌ ¾Æ¸¶µµ ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² °Íº¸´Ùµµ ¼Ò·ÃÁ¦±¹ÀÇ ¸ô¶ô¿¡ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ±â¿©ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù.
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¾Æ¸¶µµ »ç¶÷µé(you)Àº ³ªÄ¡ÀÇ Áý´Ü¼ö¿ë¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇؼ´Â ¸¹ÀÌ ¾Ë°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ 1918³â°ú 1956³â »çÀÌ 40³â µ¿¾È ¼Ò·Ã¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ ¿î¿µµÈ Áý´Ü¼ö¿ë¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇؼ´Â ¸ð¸¦ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡°¼ö¿ë¼Ò ±ºµµ¡±´Â ±× ¹®Á¦(subject)¿¡ °üÇؼ ¼±¸íÇÏ°Ô ¼³¸íÇØÁÖ´Â(defining) Ã¥ÀÌ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¼ö¿ë¼Ò´Â Auschwitz¿¡ ¸øÁö¾Ê°Ô »ç¾Ç(bad)ÇÏ´Ù´Â °Í, ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ´ë´ÜÈ÷ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù(¾Æ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù:boils down to).
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¼Ò¼³ÀÇ ÇÑ À¯¸íÇÑ ½ÃÁ¡¿¡¼ SolzhenitsynÀº Macbeth¿Í Iago´Â Hitler¿Í Stalin¿¡ ºñ±³ÇÏ¸é ¾î¸° ¾çµéÀÎ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÙ½ÉÀÌ µÇ´Â ¸»Àº À̳äÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÕÀÇ µÎ »ç¶÷Àº À̳ä(one)À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. µÚÀÇ 2¸íÀº °ø»êÁÖÀÇµç ³ªÄ¡ÁòÀ̵ç ÀÌ³ä ¾È¿¡ ¾ÇÀ» ´Ü´ÜÈ÷ »Ñ¸®¹Ú¾Ò¾ú´Ù.
12-5-76
Ideology – that is what gives evildoing its long-sought justification and gives the evildoer the necessary steadfastness and determination. That is the social theory which helps to make his acts seem good instead of bad in his own and others¡¯ eyes¡¦
That was how the agents of the Inquisition fortified their wills: by invoking Christianity; the conquerors of foreign lands, by extolling the grandeur of their Motherland; the colonizers, by civilization; the Nazis, by race; and the Jacobins (early and late), by equality, brotherhood, and the happiness of future generations¡¦ Without evildoers, there would have been no Archipelago.
Evil Is Buried Deep Inside the Human Heart
However, it¡¯s wrong to say that Hitler and Stalin were evil people and that the rest of us are good. Things would have been a lot easier that way:
¡°If only there were evil people somewhere insidiously committing evil deeds,¡± exclaims Solzhenitsyn, ¡°and it were necessary only to separate them from the rest of us and destroy them!¡± The truth is – the painful truth – that the line separating good and evil passes not through states, nor between classes, nor between political parties either — but right through every human heart — and through all human hearts. This line shifts. Inside us, it oscillates with the years. And even within hearts overwhelmed by evil, one small bridgehead of good is retained. And even in the best of all hearts, there remains¡¦ an un-uprooted small corner of evil.
À̳䡪±×°ÍÀº äÂú¼(¾ÇÇà)¿¡°Ô ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿À·§µ¿¾È Ãß±¸ÇØ ¿Ô´ø Á¤´ç¼ºÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÏ°í ¾ÇÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô È®°íÇÔ°ú °á´ÜÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. À̳äÀº ¾ÇÀο¡°Ô ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ´«°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ´«¿¡ ±×ÀÇ ÇàÀ§°¡ ¾ÇÇÑ °Í ´ë½Å ¼±ÇÏ°Ô º¸À̵µ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» µµ¿ÍÁÖ´Â »çȸÀû ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ Á¾±³ÀçÆǼÒÀÇ ÀçÆÇ°üµé(agents)ÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÇÁö¸¦ °È½ÃÅ°´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ̾ú´Ù: Áï (½ÉÆÇ°üµéÀº) ±âµ¶±³½Å¾Ó¿¡ È£¼ÒÇÔ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ, ¿Ü±¹À» Á¤º¹ÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀº ¸ð±¹ÀÇ ¿µ±¤À» Âù¾çÇÔ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ, ½Ä¹ÎÁö °³Ã´ÀÚµéÀº ¹®¸íÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î(¾ß¸¸ÀÇ ¶¥¿¡ ¹®¸íÀÇ ºûÀ» Àü´ÞÇÑ´Ù´Â ¸íºÐÀ¸·Î), ³ªÄ¡½º´Â ÀÎÁ¾ÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î, ±×¸®°í JacobinsÀº Æòµî°ú ÇüÁ¦¾Ö¿Í ¹Ì·¡¼¼´ëÀÇ ÇູÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î¡¦ (±×µéÀÇ °áÀǸ¦ °ÈÇÏ¿´´Ù). ¾ÇÇàÀ» ÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´õ¶ó¸é ±ºµµµµ ¾ø¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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±×·¯³ª Hitler¿Í StalinÀº ¾ÇÀεéÀ̾ú°í ³ª¸ÓÁöÀÇ Àηù´Â ¼±ÇÏ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº À߸øµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ±×·¸´Ù¸é(that way) »óÅÂ(things: Hitler¿Í StalinÀÇ ¾ÇÇà)´Â ÈξÀ ´õ ³ª¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡°¾ÇÀεéÀÌ ¾îµò°¡¿¡¼ À½ÈäÇÏ°Ô ¾ÇÇàÀ» ÀúÁö¸£°í Àֱ⸸ ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×¸®°í ³ª¸ÓÁö ¿ì¸®·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀ» ºÐ¸®ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â(destroy) °Í¸¸ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù¸é(¾ó¸¶³ª ÁÁ°Ú´Â°¡!)¡°¶ó°í SolzhenitsynÀº ¿ÜÄ£´Ù. Áø½ÇÀº¡ª°íÅ뽺·¯¿î Áø½ÇÀº¡ª¼±°ú ¾ÇÀ» ºÐ¸®ÇÏ´Â °æ°è¼±Àº ±¹°¡¸¦ ÅëÇؼµµ ¾Æ´Ï°í, °è±Þ»çÀ̵µ ¾Æ´Ï°í, ¶Ç Á¤´ç»çÀ̵µ ¾Æ´Ï°í ¹Ù·Î ¸ðµç °³°³ÀÎÀÇ ¸¶À½À» ÅëÇؼ, ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç ÀηùÀÇ ¸¶À½À» ÅëÇؼ Åë°úÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ °æ°è¼±Àº º¯ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ³»ºÎ¿¡¼ ±× àÊ(¼±)Àº ¼¼¿ù°ú ÇÔ²² º¯ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ¾Ðµµ´çÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡µµ ÇϳªÀÇ ÀÛÀº àÊÀÇ ±³µÎº¸°¡ À¯ÁöµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î °¡Àå ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡µµ »Ñ¸®°¡ »ÌÈ÷Áö ¾Ê´Â ¾ÇÀÇ ÀÛÀº ±¸¼®ÀÌ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù.
12-6-77
It is apparent from the title of his novel The First Circle and from various details there and in other works that Alexander Solzhenitsyn is familiar with at least the imagery of Dante's Divine Comedy . One direct and several indirect references to it also suggest a Dantean subtext in his longest and most ambitious project, The Gulag Archipelago. Indeed, the loci of the Comedy — Inferno , Purgatorio , and Paradiso —are transformed in the Gulag into metaphorical representations of the various stages in the development of man's consciousness—and especially Solzhenitsyn's consciousness—during the ordeals of arrest, inquest, imprisonment, and exile. The Inferno is surely the most prominent and in some ways the most memorable part of Solzhenitsyn's work. It is the phase in which most of the zeks live—the phase of unremitting hatred, cynicism, and selfishness caused by the cruelty and degradation of their experiences in prisons and labor camps. It is a life among rapacious thieves and police informers, a life in which only the self matters. The Purgatorio is the stage reached by those who, like Solzhenitsyn himself, begin to question the validity of all ideologies and who recognize and admire the strength of those whose personality derives from an uncompromisingly spiritual worldview. But in the Purgatorio the light of understanding is just beginning to penetrate the darkness; the process of spiritual rebirth is in an embryonic state.
When a zek crosses the threshold of the Paradiso (as Solzhenitsyn clearly does—notably in Part IV), he attains a wisdom and understanding not yet accessible to the majority of men. He realizes that attachments to property, possessions, and even loved ones only add to the sufferings of the prisoners. He now knows that the life of the spirit, divorced from earthly preoccupations, is the only life that is eternal and inviolate. With that realization he has achieved the ultimate knowledge and the ultimate happiness.
±×ÀÇ ¼Ò¼³ ¡°Á¦1 ¼Å¬¡±ÀÇ øöð¹(Ç¥Á¦)·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×¸®°í ±×°÷°ú ´Ù¸¥ ÀÛÇ°¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼¼ºÎ»çÇ×À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÆÇ´ÜÇØ º¸¸é(from) Alexander SolzhenitsynÀº DanteÀÇ ¡°ãêÍØ(½Å°î)¡±ÀÇ À̹ÌÁö¿Í Ä£¼÷ÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸í¹éÇØÁø´Ù. ¡°ãêÍØ¡±¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÑ ¹øÀÇ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¾ð±Þ°ú ¼ö°³ÀÇ °£Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¾ð±ÞÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ±×ÀÇ °¡Àå ±æ°í °¡Àå ¾ß¸ÁÀûÀÎ ÀÛÇ°(project)ÀÎ ¡°¼ö¿ë¼Ò ±ºµµ¡±¾È¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â DanteÀû ¼ºêÅؽºÆ®£Ûåëèâ(¾ð¿Ü)ÀÇ ¶æ£Ý¸¦ ¾Ï½ÃÇÑ´Ù. Áø½Ç·Î, ¡°ãêÍØ¡±ÀÇ Àå¼Ò(locus)µéÀÌ¡ª Áö¿Á, ¿¬¿Á ±×¸®°í õ±¹¡ª ¡°¼ö¿ë¼Ò¡±¿¡¼´Â üÆ÷¿Í ½É¹®°ú Åõ¿Á ±×¸®°í Ãß¹æÀÇ ½Ã·Ãµ¿¾È Àΰ£ ÀÇ½Ä —±×¸®°í ƯÈ÷ SolzhenitsynÀÇ ÀǽėÀÇ ¹ßÀü(º¯È)ÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ´Ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀºÀ¯Àû Ç¥Çöµé·Î º¯ÇüµÈ´Ù. Inferno´Â È®½ÇÈ÷ SolzhenitsynÀÇ ÀÛÇ°¿¡¼ °¡Àå µÎµå·¯Áö°í ¸î °¡Áö ¸é¿¡¼´Â °¡Àå ±â¾ïÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Á˼öµéÀÌ »ì°í ÀÖ´Â(óÇØ ÀÖ´Â) »óÅÂÀÌ´Ù¡ª°¨¿Á°ú ³ëµ¿¼ö¿ë¼ÒÀÇ ÀÜÀÎÇÔ°ú Ÿ¶ôÀÌ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ´Â ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â Áõ¿À, ³Ã¼Ò¿Í À̱â½ÉÀÇ »óÅÂ(ÀÌ´Ù). ±×°ÍÀº Ž¿å½º·¯¿î µµµÏµé°ú °æÂû¹Ð°íÀÚ °¡¿îµ¥ »ç´Â »îÀÌ°í ¿ÀÁ÷ Àڽſ¡°Ô¸¸ °ü½ÉÀ» °®°Ô µÇ´Â »îÀÌ´Ù. ¿¬¿ÁÀº SolzhenitsynÀÚ½Åó·³ ¸ðµç À̳äÀÇ Å¸´ç¼º¿¡ ´ëÇØ Àǹ®À» °¡Áö±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé, ±×¸®°í °³¼ºÀÌ ´ÜÈ£ÇÑ(uncompromisingly) Á¤½ÅÀû ¼¼°è°üÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿À´Â(derive) »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÈûÀ» ÀνÄÇÏ°í ¼þ»óÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ µµ´ÞµÇ´Â ´Ü°è(¹«´ë)ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¬¿Á(¼ö¿ë¼Ò ±ºµµÀÇ) ¿¡¼´Â ±ú´ÞÀ½ÀÇ ºûÀÌ ÀÌÁ¦ ¹æ±Ý(just) ¾îµÎ¿òÀ» °üÅëÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù; Á¤½ÅÀû Àç»ýÀÇ °úÁ¤ÀÌ ÅÂ¾Æ °°Àº »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Á˼ö°¡ Paradiso(õ±¹)ÀÇ ¹®ÅÎÀ» °Ç³Ê°¡¸é(SolzhenitsynÀÌ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³—ƯÈ÷ Part IV¿¡¼), ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Á˼öµé(men)¿¡°Ô´Â Á¢±ÙÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ÁöÇý¿Í ±ú´ÞÀ½À» ¾ò°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×´Â Àç»ê°ú ¼ÒÀ¯¿Í ½ÉÁö¾î ¿¬Àο¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁýÂøÀº Á˼öµéÀÇ °íÅ븸 Áõ°¡½Ãų »ÓÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ °Í¿¡ ¸ôÀÔÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐ¸®µÈ(divorced) Á¤½ÅÀÇ »îÀÌ ¿µ¿øÇÏ°íµµ ãêá¡(½Å¼º)ÇÑ À¯ÀÏÇÑ »îÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±× ±ú´ÞÀ½°ú ÇÔ²² ±×´Â ±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ Áö½Ä°ú ±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ ÇູÀ» ¼ºÃëÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.