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¸ñ¼ûÀÌ ´Þ¸° ÀçÆÇ Áß¿¡µµ Socrates´Â ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ¼±µ¿Á¤Ä¡°¡µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Ÿ¶ôÇØ°¡´Â ½Ã¹ÎµéÀ» ±ú¿ìÄ¡±â À§ÇÏ¿© ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ±ÍÂú°Ô ±¸´Â ³¯ ÆÄ¸®Ã³·³ Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Áø¸®ÀÇ Ã¤ÂïÀ¸·Î µ¿Æ÷½Ã¹ÎµéÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ¿´´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ƯÈ÷ ÀþÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ» °¢¼º½ÃŰ´Â µ¥ ¿ÁßÇÏ¿´¾ú´Ù. Socrates´Â Á×À½À» ´çÇÒ ¶§±îÁöµµ »îÀÇ ¹«´ë¸¦ ¶°³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸í»ó¿¡¸¸ ¸Ó¹«¸£Áö ¾Ê°í ¾Ç°úÀÇ ½Î¿ò¿¡ Àû±ØÀûÀ̾ú´Ù´Â ¸»ÀÌ´Ù.
Socrates°¡ ¿øÁ¶°¡ µÇ´Â ¼¾çÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀû ÞÖðÍ(»çÁ¶)¿¡¼´Â °ø°³ Åä·Ð¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ ±Ç¸®»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àǹ«µµ ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â È帧ÀÌ °ÇÏ´Ù. ¿µ±¹ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¿øÁ¶ÀÎ Edmund Burke´Â ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ºñÄÑ ¼ ÀÖÀ¸¸é ¾ÇÀÌ ¾ÐµµÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í °æ°íÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ¾ÇÀÇ ½Â¸®¸¦ À§ÇØ ÇʼöÀûÀÎ Á¶°ÇÀº ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¡°¼ö¿ë¼Ò ±ºµµ¡±ÀÇ Alexander SolzhenitsynÀº ±×ÀÇ µ¿Æ÷µé¿¡°Ô ¼Ò·Ã(°ø»ê´ç)ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ±× ÅëÄ¡¿Í °áŹÇÏÁö´Â ¸»¶ó°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±Ø¾ÇÀÇ µ¶ÀçüÁ¦¿¡¼ ¸ñ¼ûÀ» ºÎÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ´ë ³õ°í ÀúÇ×Àº ¸ø ÇÒÁö¶óµµ ±× ¾ÕÀâÀÌ´Â µÇÁö ¸»¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡°µ¿¹°³óÀ塱ÀÇ George OrwellÀº ¡°ºÎÆÐÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àΰú »ç±â²Û°ú µµÀû°ú ¹Ý¿ªÀÚ¸¦ ¼±ÃâÇÏ´Â ±¹¹ÎÀº Èñ»ýÀÚ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï°í °ø¹ü¡±À̶ó°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. È÷Ʋ·¯¸¦ ¼±ÃâÇÑ µ¶ÀÏÀ̳ª ÀÚÀǵç ŸÀÇµç ½ºÅ»¸°¿¡ ¿±¤ÇÑ ¼Ò·ÃÀε鵵 ¾ÇÀÇ °ø¹üÀÚ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¼±ÀÌ ¾ÇÀ» À̱ä´Ù. ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é Àηù¹®¸íÀ» ¿À·¡Àü¿¡ ¸ê¸ÁÇÏ¿´À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±¹°¡°øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ½Ã¹ÎÀ¸·Î¼ ¾ÇÀ» ¹æ°üÇϰųª ¾Ç°ú ½Î¿ö¾ß Àǹ«¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÏ¸é ¾ÇÀÌ ¼±À» À̱ä´Ù. ±×·¯¸é ±¹°¡´Â ÆÐ¸ÁÇϰųª ¾ÇÀÇ ¼¼·ÂÀÌ Áö¹èÇÏ´Â »ýÁö¿Á¿¡¼ ±¹¹ÎÀº ¸»·Î ´Ù ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °í³À» ´çÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ºÏÇÑÀ» º¸¶ó!
38. Worlds of their own
-Giving up on politics is often tempting. It is also risky
-In a polarised age, some on both left and right are choosing internal exile
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WORLDLY SUCCESS has not made Rod Dreher fonder of the world as he finds it. In ¡°The Benedict Option¡±, published three years ago, the veteran commentator on religious affairs lamented that conservatives like him had been utterly vanquished in America¡¯s culture wars. The moral gap between liberals and traditionalists had become unbridgeable, he argued; the only hope for the godly lay in abandoning the fight for power and withdrawing from the social mainstream into self-contained families and communities.
¡°The Benedict Option¡± was a bestseller. So warm and widespread was the acclaim that its Manichean pessimism seemed to have been disproved. But Mr Dreher has not mellowed. In his new book he compares the situation of observant Christians in America to dissidents, especially religious ones, in the Soviet Union. The title, ¡°Live Not By Lies¡±, invokes Alexander Solzhenitsyn, who told his compatriots that even if they could not oppose Soviet rule, they should avoid colluding with it.
Plenty of believers, in America and elsewhere, share Mr Dreher¡¯s sense of alienation. But his work resonates for another reason. Many others who disavow the rest of his worldview have confronted the basic choice that he lays out: participation or flight. That fraught dilemma seems especially acute in an age of sharply polarised politics, but it is ancient.
38. ±×µé ÀڽŸ¸ÀÇ ¼¼°è
-Á¤Ä¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü½ÉÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº À¯È¤ÀûÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ À§ÇèÇÏ´Ù.
-ÝÂпûù(ºÐ±ØÈ)µÈ ½Ã´ë¿¡, ÁÂÆÄÀÌµç ¿ìÆÄÀ̵ç ÀϺΠ»ç¶÷µéÀº Ò®îÜ(³»Àû) ¸Á¸íÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¼º°øÀÌ Rod Dreher¸¦ ±×°¡ »ì°í ÀÖ´Â Áö±ÝÀÇ ¼¼°è¸¦ ´õ ÁÁ¾ÆÇϵµ·Ï ¸¸µéÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. 3³â Àü¿¡ Ãâ°£µÈ ¡°Benedict ¼±Å᱿¡¼ Á¾±³¹®Á¦¿¡ °üÇØ ³ë·ÃÇÑ ñÉà·íº(ÁÖ¼®ÀÚ)ÀÎ ±×´Â ±×¿Í °°Àº º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¹®ÈÀüÀï¿¡¼ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Á¤º¹´çÇß´Ù°í ½½ÆÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿Í ÀüÅëÁÖÀÇÀÚ »çÀÌÀÇ °£°ÝÀº ¿¬°áÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù; ½Å¾Ó½ÉÀÌ ±íÀº »ç¶÷µé(the godly)À» À§ÇÑ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Èñ¸ÁÀº ±Ç·ÂÀ» À§ÇÑ ½Î¿òÀº Æ÷±âÇÏ°í »çȸÀÇ ñ«×µ(ÁÖ·ù)·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ(self-contained) °¡Á·°ú °øµ¿Ã¼ ¾ÈÀ¸·Î ö¼öÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
¡°The Benedict Option¡±Àº º£½ºÆ®¼¿·¯¿´´Ù. ±× ȯȣ´Â ³Ê¹«³ª µû¶æÇÏ°í ±¤¹üÀ§Çؼ ±× Ã¥ÀÇ ¸¶´Ï±³ÀûÀÎ(Manichaeism: 3¼¼±â Æä¸£½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ºñ°üÁÖÀÇ Á¾±³) ºñ°üÁÖÀÇ´Â Úãñû(¹ÝÁõ)µÈ °Íó·³ º¸¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Mr Dreher(±×ÀÇ ºñ°üÁÖÀÇ)´Â ºÎµå·¯¿öÁø °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ãæÊÊ(½Å°£)¿¡¼ ±×´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ±³¸® ¾ö¼ö ±âµ¶±³ ½ÅÀÚµéÀÇ »óȲÀ» áÌÖ¤(¼Ò·Ã)ÀÇ ¹ÝüÁ¦ Àι°µé, ƯÈ÷ ¼Ò·Ã ±âµ¶±³ ½ÅÀڵ鿡 ºñÀ¯Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Ã¥ Á¦¸ñ ¡°Live Not By Lies¡±(°ÅÁþ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ »ìÁö ¸¶¶ó)´Â ±×ÀÇ µ¿Æ÷µé¿¡°Ô ¼Ò·Ã(°ø»ê´ç)ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ±× ÅëÄ¡¿Í °áŹÇÏÁö´Â ¸»¶ó°í Çß´ø Alexander SolzhenitsynÀ» ¿¬»ó½ÃŲ´Ù.
¹Ì±¹°ú ±× ¹ÛÀÇ ¸¹Àº ½Å¾ÓÀεéÀº Mr DreherÀÇ ¼Ò¿Ü°¨À» °øÀ¯Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×ÀÇ ÀÛǰÀº ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ÀÌÀ¯·Î °ø°¨À» ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¼¼°è°üÀÇ ³ª¸ÓÁö ºÎºÐÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÏ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷Àº Âü¿©ÇÏ´À³Ä ¾Æ´Ï¸é µµÇÇÇÏ´À³Ä¶ó´Â ±âº»Àû ¼±Åðú Á÷¸éÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±× ³Ã³ÇÑ(distraught: ³Ã³ÇÑ, Ãæ¸¸ÇÑ) µô·¹¸¶´Â ½ÉÇÏ°Ô °¥¶óÁø Á¤Ä¡¿¡¼ Ưº°È÷ ³¯Ä«·Î¿î °Í °°Áö¸¸ À̰ÍÀº ¿À·¡µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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Visiting Russia, Mr Dreher learns how honest Soviet citizens tried to avoid having much to do with the system. Geology was a popular discipline among scientists, as it let researchers spend a good portion of their lives in far-flung and unsullied places. (Humbler jobs as furnace-stokers or nightwatchmen were another refuge for free spirits.) Mr Dreher also speaks to people who lived through communism and know modern America. These battle-hardened folk say they find something horribly familiar about the emergence of intolerant thought police who can ruin careers, in academia or the professions, as punishment for dissent from the new orthodoxies on gender, race or sexuality.
Whatever you make of that analogy, there are some fundamental parallels between the two places. Like Russia, America is vast, meaning retreat has always seemed physically possible, even enticing, whether in the mountains of Idaho or the Arizona desert. Motives for withdrawal have included ideological dissent, Utopian experiments, eschatological hopes, the avoidance of social or technological change or the acceleration of such change. America has its Amish communities; the taiga and steppe of tsarist Russia accommodated schismatic groups such as the Old Believers, who were theologically conservative but economically progressive.
Today the kind of flight proposed by Mr Dreher need not be physical. You can live on a remote island and engage furiously in political battles (Mr Dreher wages his own from Baton Rouge, Louisiana).
·¯½Ã¾Æ¸¦ ¹æ¹®ÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ Mr Dreher´Â Á¤Á÷ÇÑ Soviet ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÌ Ã¼Á¦¿Í °ü°èÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÇÇÇÏ·Á°í ¾î¶»°Ô ³ë·ÂÇÏ¿´´Â°¡¸¦ ¹è¿ü´Ù. ÁöÁúÇÐÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀÌ ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁø ôèïä(ûÁ¤)ÇÑ Áö¿ª¿¡¼ »ý¾ÖÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» º¸³»µµ·Ï ÇØÁÖ±â(let) ¶§¹®¿¡ °úÇÐÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ Àαâ ÀÖ´Â Çй®(discipline)À̾ú´Ù. [¿ë±¤·Î ûýÜý(ȺÎ)³ª ¾ß°£°æºñ¿ø °°Àº º¸´Ù ´Ü¼øÇÑ Á÷Á¾Àº ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î Á¤½ÅÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Çdzó°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.] Mr Dreher´Â °ø»êÁÖÀÇ Ä¡ÇÏ¿¡¼ »ì¾Ò¾ú°í Çö´ë ¹Ì±¹À» ¾Æ´Â »ç¶÷µé°úµµ ´ëȸ¦ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. À̵é ÀüÅõ¿¡¼ ´Ü´ÜÇØÁø »ç¶÷µé(·¯½Ã¾Æ »ç¶÷µé)Àº àõ(gender: ³²³à¼ºº°)°ú ÀÎÁ¾°ú ¼º(sexuality)¿¡ °üÇØ¼ »õ·Î¿î Á¤Å뼺(±ÇÀ§)¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ú·Î¼ Çа迡¼³ª Á÷¾÷¿¡¼ÀÇ °æ·ÂÀÚµéÀ» ÆÄ¸ê½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÆíÇùÇÑ »ç»ó°æÂûÀÇ ÃâÇö¿¡ °üÇØ¼ ¹«¼·µµ·Ï ºñ½ÁÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ëºõÏ(À¯Ãß)¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ¾î¶»°Ô ÇØ¼®ÇÏµç ±× µÎ ³ª¶ó(two places: ¹Ì±¹°ú ¼Ò·Ã) »çÀÌ¿¡´Â ¸î °³ÀÇ ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ºñ½ÁÇÑ Á¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ·¯½Ã¾ÆÃ³·³ ¹Ì±¹µµ ±¤´ëÇÏ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº IdahoÀÇ »ê¾ÇÁö´ëÀ̵ç ArizonaÀÇ »ç¸·À̵ç Åð°¢Àº ½ÅüÀûÀ¸·Î Ç×»ó °¡´ÉÇß°í ½ÉÁö¾î À¯È¤ÀûÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. Åð°¢ÀÇ µ¿±â´Â À̳äÀû ì¶ì¡(ÀÌÀÇ), À¯ÅäÇÇ¾Æ ½ÇÇè, Á¾¸»·ÐÀû ¼Ò¸Á, »çȸÀû ¶Ç´Â ±â¼úÀû º¯È¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µµÇÇ È¤Àº ±×·± º¯ÈÀÇ ÃËÁøÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¹Ì±¹Àº Amish(±âµ¶±³ Á¾ÆÄ) °øµ¿Ã¼°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ð¨ïÙ(Á¦Á¤) ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ taiga(ħ¿±¼ö¸²Áö´ë)¿Í steppe(´ëÃÊ¿ø)Àº ½ÅÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î´Â º¸¼öÀûÀÌÁö¸¸ °æÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î´Â Áøº¸ÀûÀÎ Old Believers °°Àº Á¾ÆÄºÐ¸® Áý´ÜµéÀ» ¼ö¿ëÇß¾ú´Ù.
¿À´Ã³¯¿¡´Â Mr Dreher¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¦¾ÈµÈ ±×·± Á¾·ùÀÇ µµÇÇ´Â ½ÅüÀûÀÏ ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾ø´Ù. ¿Üµý(remote) ¼¶¿¡ »ì¸é¼ Á¤Ä¡Àû ÀüÅõ¿¡ ¸Í·ÄÇÏ°Ô Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. [Mr Drehe´Â LouisianaÀÇ Baton Rouge¿¡¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀüÅõ¸¦ ¼öÇà(wage)Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù]
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Conversely, a city-centre flat can be a place of isolation, embraced for intellectual reasons as well as pandemic-related ones. And in many modern democracies lots of liberal-minded people, too, have been tempted to desert the political and social mainstream, with or without a change of place. That has been most starkly true in cantankerous America and Brexit-era Britain.
Anthony Barnett, an English writer on democracy, observes a mood of retreat among older, left-leaning people in England and America: some over 50 are, he says, withdrawing from active politics into un-ideological passions such as gardening. The impulse, he thinks, derives less from fatalism than from an awareness that the job of fixing a broken system properly belongs to a younger, untarnished generation. The older cohort ¡°know they were part of the problem¡±.
Retreat and reflection are a healthy response for liberal-minded activists chastened by populism, reckons Hugo Dixon, a co-leader of the failed campaign for a second popular vote on Brexit. They must ponder why the old managerial style of politics was rejected in favour of abstract values like meaning and community. Nor are they the only ones to feel desolate or, for the time being, politically homeless. Linda Bilmes, a professor of public policy at Harvard who served in Bill Clinton¡¯s administration, points to the cadre of moderate Republicans who have been driven to abandon the fray. Whatever its outcome, the impending presidential election may push some Americans into a sort of internal exile.
°Å²Ù·Î, Ô´ãý(µµ½É)¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¾ÆÆÄÆ®´Â À¯Çິ °ü·Ã ÀÌÀ¯»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÁöÀûÀÎ ÀÌÀ¯·Î äÅõǴ (embraced) °í¸³ÀÇ Àå¼Ò°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Çö´ëÀÇ ¸¹Àº ¹ÎÁÖ±¹°¡(democracies)¿¡¼´Â ¸¹Àº ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀÇ »ç¶÷µéµµ Àå¼Ò¸¦ ¹Ù²Ùµç ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇϵç Á¤Ä¡Àû ¶Ç´Â »çȸÀû ÁÖ·ù·ÎºÎÅÍ ÷ñË(Å»ÁÖ)ÇÏ·Á´Â À¯È¤À» ¹Þ¾Æ ¿Ô´Ù. À̰ÍÀº(That) ½Î¿òÁúÀÌ ¸¹Àº ¹Ì±¹°ú Brexit(À¯·ÎÈ ÅëÈÁö¿ª Å»Åð) ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿µ±¹¿¡¼ ¸Å¿ì ºÐ¸íÇÑ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù.
¿µ±¹ÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ °ü·Ã ÀÛ°¡ÀÎ Anthony Barnett´Â ¿µ±¹°ú ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ³ªÀ̰¡ ¸¹°í Á°æÀû »ç¶÷µé °¡¿îµ¥ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â Åð°¢ÀÇ ¹«µå¸¦ °üÂûÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù: 50 ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÀϺΠ»ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á¤Ä¡Àû Ȱµ¿À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ê®çÝ(¿ø¿¹)¿Í °°Àº ºñÁ¤Ä¡Àû ¿Á¤À¸·Î Åð°¢Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ±×´Â ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·± Ãæµ¿Àº ü³ä(fatalism)º¸´Ù´Â °íÀå ³ Á¦µµ¸¦ ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô °íÄ¡´Â ÀÏÀº º¸´Ù Àþ°í ¶§°¡ ¹¯Áö ¾ÊÀº ÀþÀº ¼¼´ë¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù´Â °¢¼º¿¡¼ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù°í ±×´Â »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ³ªÀÌ ¸¹Àº Áý´Ü(cohort)Àº ¡°±×µéÀÌ ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ÀϺο´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù¡±.
´ëÁß¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ(populism)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹úÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀÇ È°µ¿°¡µé¿¡°Ô´Â Åð°¢°ú ¸í»ó(reflection)ÀÌ °ÇÀüÇÑ ¹ÝÀÀÀ̶ó°í Á¦2Â÷ Brexit ÅõÇ¥¸¦ À§ÇÑ Ä·ÆäÀο¡¼ ½ÇÆÐÇÑ °øµ¿´ëÇ¥ÀÎ Hugo DixonÀº Æò°¡ÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±¸½ÄÀÇ °æ¿µÀû ½ºÅ¸ÀÏÀÇ Á¤Ä¡°¡ ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í °øµ¿Ã¼ °°Àº Ãß»óÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡ÀÇ ¼±È£¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¿Ö °ÅºÎ´çÇß´ÂÁö¸¦ ¼÷°íÇØº¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±×µéÀÌ Ã³·®ÇÔÀ» ´À³¢°Å³ª ȤÀº ´çºÐ°£ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ÁýÀÌ ¾ø´Ù°í ´À³¢´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. Bill Clinton ÇàÁ¤ºÎ¿¡¼ ±Ù¹«ÇÏ¿´°í Harvard ´ëÇÐÀÇ °ø°øÁ¤Ã¥ ±³¼öÀÎ Linda BilmesÀº ½Î¿òÀ» Æ÷±âÇϵµ·Ï ¸ô¸®°Ô µÈ °øÈ´ç °£ºÎµéÀ» °¡¸®Å°°í ÀÖ´Ù. °á°ú°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô µÇµçÁö, ÀÓ¹ÚÇÑ ´ëÅë·É ¼±°Å´Â ÀϺΠ¹Ì±¹ÀεéÀ» ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ³»ºÎ ¸Á¸íÀ¸·Î ¹Ð¾î³¾ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
38-4-313
The case of Socrates
Conservatives longing for a safe space to marry and bring up children as they see fit; liberals in search of a quiet spot to lick their wounds: another category of people may harbour a different worry—about the impact on social cohesion when the disillusioned withdraw. One risk is that their flight from the arena will leave it free for opportunists and cynics, and that politics enters a degenerate spiral. Alongside that concern is a long-standing question of personal morality. If you are deeply convinced that the present order is wrong, do you have the right to opt out rather than remaining engaged and working for change?
Among the philosophical currents that shaped the West, a powerful one insists not merely on the right to engage in public debates, but on the duty. The great Anglo-Irish theorist Edmund Burke reputedly warned that evil would prevail if good people stood aside. You need not be a totalitarian to find merit in Karl Marx¡¯s adage that philosophers must change the world as well as understand it.
More recently some of the Frankfurt School of German thinkers, such as Theodor Adorno, took refuge from Nazism in the United States; but their critique of modern society and populist culture, for all its cerebral opacity, was meant for active use, not just idle observation. Their ideas probably helped shape post-war German culture and immunise it against fresh totalitarian temptation.
SocratesÀÇ °æ¿ì
°áÈ¥À» Çϰí ÀÚ³àµéÀ» ±×µéÀÌ ÀûÇÕÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ´ë·Î ¾çÀ°ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾ÈÀüÇÑ °ø°£À» µ¿°æÇÏ´Â º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµé: ±×µéÀÇ »óó¸¦ ÇÓ¾ÆÁÙ Á¶¿ëÇÑ Àå¼Ò¸¦ ã°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚµé: ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ºÎ·ùÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº¡ªÈ¯¸êÀ» ´À³¤ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹°·¯³¯ ¶§ »çȸÀû ÀÀÁý·Â¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â Ãæ°Ý¿¡ °üÇØ¼¡ª ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ °ÆÁ¤À» ǰ°í ÀÖÀ»Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ÇÑ °¡Áö À§ÇèÀº Åõ±âÀåÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀÇ µµÇÇ´Â ±× Åõ±âÀåÀ» ±âȸÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿Í ³Ã¼ÒÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡°Ô ³Ñ±ä´Ù´Â °Í°ú Á¤Ä¡°¡ Åð¶ôÀÇ ÑÞàÁ(³ª¼±)Çü Ãß¶ôÀ¸·Î µé¾î°£´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·± °ÆÁ¤°ú ÇÔ²² Àå±â°£ Áö¼ÓµÇ´Â °³ÀÎÀû µµ´ö¼ºÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÇöÁ¸ üÁ¦(order)°¡ À߸øµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ´ç½ÅÀÌ ±íÀÌ È®½ÅÇÑ´Ù¸é ´ç½ÅÀº °è¼Ó Âü¿©ÇÏ¸é¼ º¯È¸¦ À§ÇØ È°µ¿Çϱ⺸´Ù´Â ¼ÕÀ» ¶¿ ±Ç¸®°¡ Àִ°¡? ¼¾çÀ» Çü¼ºÇÏ¿´´ø öÇÐÀû ÞÖðÍ(»çÁ¶: currents) Áß¿¡¼ ¾î¶² °·ÂÇÑ »çÁ¶´Â °ø°³ Åä·Ð¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ ±Ç¸®»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àǹ«µµ ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. À§´ëÇÑ ¿µ±¹°è ¾ÆÀÏ·£µåìÑ À̷а¡ Edmund Burke´Â ¼Ò¹®¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ºñÄÑ ¼ ÀÖÀ¸¸é ¾ÇÀÌ ¾ÐµµÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í °æ°íÇÏ¿´´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. öÇÐÀÚ´Â ¼¼°è¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÒ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼¼°è¸¦ º¯È½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â Karl MarxÀÇ °Ý¾ðÀÇ ÀåÁ¡À» ¹ß°ßÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ÀüüÁÖÀÇÀÚ°¡ µÉ ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾ø´Ù.
ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ Theodor Adorno °°Àº µ¶ÀÏ Frankfurt ùÊ÷ï(ÇÐÆÄ: school) »ç»ó°¡µé ÀϺδ NazismÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µµÇÇÇÏ¿© ¹Ì±¹¿¡ Çdzó¸¦ ±¸Çß¾ú´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ±×µé ºñÆÇÀÇ ÁöÀûÀÎ ºÒÅõ¸í¼º¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí Çö´ë»çȸ¿Í ´ëÁß¹®È¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ ºñÆÇÀº ´ÜÁö ÇѰ¡ÇÑ °üÂû¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í Àû±ØÀûÀΠȰ¿ëÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ »ç»óÀº îúý(ÀüÈÄ) µ¶ÀϹ®È¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÏ°í »õ·Î¿î ÀüüÁÖÀÇ(°ø»êÁÖÀÇ) À¯È¤¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇØ¼ ±×°Í(¹®È)À» ¸é¿ª½ÃŰ´Â µ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
38-5-314
In some circumstances, the calculus changes. Former dissidents of the kind Mr Dreher meets might insist that the Soviet regime offered no leeway for improvement. Preserving their own integrity was as much as they could do—and that in itself could amount to a profound moral statement, incurring harsh retribution. Rancorous as they can be, though, have America and other democracies really reached a similar point now? After all, for those who abhor national politics, there is a glorious array of alternative forms of engagement—from voluntary groups and local civic initiatives to conservation movements, not to mention the free exercise of speech online and elsewhere.
As it happens, the world¡¯s first democracy, in ancient Athens, also fretted over degrees of participation and the price of withdrawal. Many Athenians resented the apparent indifference to politics of the city¡¯s wisest person, Socrates; some alleged, not absurdly, that his seeming apathy had opened the way for vicious interludes of authoritarianism.
On trial for his life, Socrates insisted he was anything but indifferent to the city¡¯s welfare. He simply chose to stand a few paces back, challenging his fellow-citizens by asking basic, awkward questions and hence prodding them, like a gadfly, to act more wisely. ¡°Socrates was not a quietist,¡± says Paul Cartledge, a British expert on ancient democracy. The trouble was that some of his compatriots ¡°saw politics, like religion, as something to be done in public if it was done at all¡±.
Today¡¯s representative democracy finds it easier to accommodate a division of labour between thinkers and doers, actors and observers, participants and abstainers. Many citizens eschew even the minimal commitment of voting. But those who abstain will always face hard questions about whether leaving the stage was the only way to enact their principles.
¾î¶² ȯ°æ¿¡¼´Â °è»ê¹ýÀÌ º¯ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Mr Dreher°¡ ¸¸³ îñ¹ÝüÁ¦ Àι°µé °°Àº Á¾·ùÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ¼Ò·ÃÁ¤±ÇÀº °³¼±ÀÇ ¿©Áö¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼ø¼ö¼º(integrity: ¿ÏÀü, °í°á, º¸Àü)À» º¸Á¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÃÖ´ëÀÇ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù¡ª±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ±× ÀÚü·Î¼ °¡È¤ÇÑ ÀÀ¡À» ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ¸é¼ ½É¿ÀÇÑ µµ´öÀû ³»¿ë(Áø¼ú)¿¡ À̸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿øÇÑÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, Áö±Ý ¹Ì±¹°ú ´Ù¸¥ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀDZ¹°¡µéµµ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ºñ½ÁÇÑ ÁöÁ¡±îÁö µµ´ÞÇÑ °ÍÀϱî? °á±¹, ±¹³» Á¤Ä¡¸¦ ¼Ò¸§³¢Ä¥ Á¤µµ·Î ½È¾îÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§Çؼ Á× ´Ã¾î ¼ ÀÖ´Â ¿µ±¤½º·¯¿î Âü¿©¸¦ À§ÇÑ ´ëü ÇüŰ¡ ÀÖ´Ù¡ª¿Â¶óÀΰú ±× ¹ÛÀÇ Àå¼Ò¿¡¼ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ¸»Çϱ⠽ÇÇàÀº ¾ð±ÞÇÏÁö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ ÀÚ¿ø ±×·ì°ú ½Ã¹Î ¼±µµ´Üü·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸Á¸¿îµ¿´Üü±îÁö(´ëü ÇüŰ¡ ÀÖ´Ù).
¿ì¿¬ÇϰԵµ, °í´ë ¾ÆÅ׳׿¡¼ ¼¼°è ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ ±¹°¡µµ Âü¿©ÀÇ Á¤µµ¿Í Åð°¢ÀÇ ´ë°¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ °í¹ÎÇÏ¿´´Ù(fret). ¸¹Àº ¾ÆÅ×³× »ç¶÷µéÀº ±× µµ½ÃÀÇ ÃÖ°íÀÇ úçíº(ÇöÀÚ)ÀÎ SocratesÀÇ Á¤Ä¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸í¹éÇÑ ¹«°ü½ÉÀ» ±¥¾ÂÇÏ°Ô »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù; ÀϺΠ»ç¶÷µéÀº ±×ÀÇ Ç¥¸é»óÀÇ ¹«°ü½ÉÀÌ ±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀÇÀÇ »ç¾ÇÇÑ ¸·°£±ØÀ¸·Î °¡´Â ±æÀ» ¿¾ú´Ù°í ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î(not absurdly: ºÎÁ¶¸®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô) ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±×ÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûÀÌ ´Þ¸° ÀçÆÇ Áß¿¡ Socrates´Â ³ª¶ó(city)ÀÇ º¹Áö¿¡ °áÄÚ ¹«°ü½ÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ±âº»ÀûÀÌ°í ¾î»öÇÑ Áú¹®À» ÇÏ°í ±×·¡¼ ±×µéÀÌ ´õ Çö¸íÇÏ°Ô ÇൿÇϵµ·Ï Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀ» µî¿¡(gadfly)ó·³ ÀÚ±ØÇÔ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ µ¿Æ÷½Ã¹Îµé¿¡°Ô µµÀüÇÏ¸é¼ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¸î °ÉÀ½ ¶³¾îÁ®¼ ¼ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¡°Socrates´Â ð¡îÖñ«ëùíº(Á¤ÀûÁÖÀÇÀÚ: quietist: ¹«ÀúÇ×ÁÖÀÇÀÚ)°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù¡±¶ó°í ¿µ±¹ÀÇ °í´ë¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ Àü¹®°¡ÀÎ Paul CartledgeÀÌ ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¹®Á¦´Â SocratesÀÇ µ¿Æ÷ Áß ÀϺδ ¡°Á¤Ä¡´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ Á¶±ÝÀÌ¶óµµ ½ÇÇàµÈ´Ù¸é, Á¾±³Ã³·³ °ø°ø¿¬È÷(´ëÁß ¾Õ¿¡¼) ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù¡±.
¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ´ëÀǹÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ´Â »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷°ú ½ÇÇàÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷, ÇàÀ§ÀÚ¿Í °üÂûÀÚ, Âü¿©ÀÚ¿Í ÀýÁ¦°¡ »çÀÌÀÇ ºÐ¾÷(division of labour)À» Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ´õ ½±°Ô ÇØÁØ´Ù. ¸¹Àº ½Ã¹ÎÀº ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ ÅõÇ¥Âü¿©µµ ±âÇÇÇÑ´Ù. ÀýÁ¦ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹«´ë¸¦ ¶°³ª´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¿øÄ¢À» ½ÇÇàÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÎÁö ¾Æ´ÑÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àǹ®¿¡ Ç×»ó ´Ü´ÜÈ÷ Á÷¸éÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.