FREEDOM ±³¾ç¿µ¹® µ¶ÇØ(135):Karl Marx-1/Marx´Â ȯ»ó°ú Á÷°üÀ¸·Î ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ Á¾¸»À» ¿¹¾ðÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼ Á¡¼º°¡ÀÌ°í ¾Ç·É µé¸° ½ÃÀÎÀ̾ú´Ù
'Howling Gigantic Curses'
Marx, in short, is an eschatological writer from the start. It is notable, for instance, that in the original draft of The German Ideology (1845-46) he included a passage strongly reminiscent of his poems, dealing with 'the Day of Judgement', 'when the reflections of burning cities are seen in the heavens . . . and when the "celestial harmonies" consist of the melodies of the Marseillaise and the Carmagnole, to the accompaniment of thundering cannon, while the guillotine beats time and the inflamed masses scream Ca ira, ca ira, and self-consciousness is hanged on the lamppost.' Then again, there are echoes of Oulanen in the Communist Manifesto, with the proletariat taking on the hero's mantle. The apocalyptic note of the poems again erupts in his horror-speech of 14 April 1856: 'History is the judge, its executioner the proletariat' ¡ªthe terror, the houses marked with the red cross, catastrophic metaphors, earthquakes, lava boiling up as the earth's crust cracks. The point is that Marx's concept of a Doomsday, whether in its lurid version or its eventually economic one, is an artistic not a scientific vision. It was always in Marx's mind, and as a political economist he worked backwards from it, seeking the evidence that made it inevitable, rather than forward to it, from objectively examined data. And of course it is the poetic element which gives Marx's historical projection its drama and its fascination to radical readers, who want to believe that the death and judgement of capitalism is coming. The poetic gift manifests itself intermittently in Marx's pages, producing some memorable passages. In the sense that he intuited rather than reasoned or calculated, Marx remained a poet to the end.
Karl Marks: '¾ÇÀ» ¾²´Â °Å´ëÇÑ ÀúÁÖµé'
Marx´Â °£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»Çؼ ¾ÖÃʺÎÅÍ Á¾¸»·ÐÀÇ ÀÛ°¡¿´´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î¼, ±×´Â ¡®µ¶ÀÏ °ü³ä·Ð¡¯ÀÇ ê«(¿ø)Ãʺ»¿¡¼ ¡®ÃÖÈÄÀÇ ½ÉÆÇ¡¯À» ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ´Â ±×ÀÇ ã̸¦ °ÇÏ°Ô »ó±â½ÃŰ´Â ±¸ÀýÀ» Æ÷ÇÔ½ÃÄ×´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ ¸¸ÇÏ´Ù. ¡®±×¶§´Â (ÃÖÈÄÀÇ ½ÉÆÇÀÇ ³¯ÀÌ ¿À¸é ) ºÒŸ´Â µµ½ÃµéÀÇ ºÒºû(reflections)ÀÌ Çϴÿ¡¼ º¸¿©Áú °ÍÀÌ°í¡¦±×¸®°í ±×¶§´Â ´ÜµÎ´ë°¡ ¹ÚÀÚ¸¦ ¸ÂÃß°í ºÒ°°ÀÌ ÈïºÐÇÑ ±ºÁßµéÀÌ Ca ira, ca ira(ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸í°¡ ÈÄ·Å)¶ó°í ÇÔ¼ºÀ» Áö¸£°í ÀÚÀǽÄ(self-consciousness)À» °¡·Îµî À§¿¡ °É¾î ³õÀ» (Àüü ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ý°¢Àº ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹ö¸° ä) µ¿¾È¿¡ õµÕ °°Àº ´ëÆ÷¼Ò¸®¿¡ ¸ÂÃ߸ç "õ»óÀÇ ÈÀ½"Àº Marseillaise (ÇÁ¶û½º ±¹°¡)¿Í Carmagnole(ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸í°¡)·Î Æí¼ºµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡¯ ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ´Ù½Ã 〈°ø»ê´ç¼±¾ð〉¿¡µµ ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ°¡ ¿µ¿õÀÇ ¸ÁÅ並 °ÉÄ¡°í ÀÖ´Â Oulanen(Marx°¡ ¾´ µå¶ó¸¶)ÀÇ ¹ÝÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ãÌÀÇ °è½Ã·ÏÀû(apocalyptic) °îÁ¶´Â 1856³â 4¿ù 14ÀÏÀÇ ±×ÀÇ °øÆ÷ÀÇ ¿¬¼³¿¡¼µµ ´Ù½Ã ºÐÃâÇØ ³ª¿Â´Ù: ¡®¿ª»ç´Â ½ÉÆÇ°üÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿ª»çÀÇ ÁýÇàÀÚ´Â ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾ÆÀÌ´Ù.¡¯¡ª°øÆ÷, ºÓÀº ½ÊÀÚ°¡·Î Ç¥½ÃµÈ Áýµé, ÆÄ¸êÀûÀÎ ëßêç(ÀºÀ¯), ÁöÁø, Áö±¸ÀÇ ²®ÁúÀÌ ±ú¾îÁú ¶§ ²ú¾î¿À¸£´Â ¿ë¾Ï. MarxÀÇ ÃÖÈĽɯÇÀÏ °³³äÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ ºÒŸµíÀÌ ºÓÀº ¹öÀü(¿äÇѰè½Ã·Ï ±×´ë·Î)ÀÌµç ¾Æ´Ï¸é °æÁ¦Àû ¹öÀüÀÌµç ¿¹¼úÀû ºñÀüÀÌÁö °úÇÐÀû ºñÀüÀº ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿äÁ¡ÀÌ´Ù. ±× °³³äÀº Ç×»ó MarxÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú°í Á¤Ä¡°æÁ¦ÇÐÀڷμ ±×´Â ±×°Í(ÃÖÈÄÀÇ ½ÉÆÇ¿¡¼Ã³·³ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀǰ¡ ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ Â¡¹úÀ» ¹Þ´Â °Í)À» ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â Áõ°Å¸¦ ãÀ¸¸é¼ °´°üÀûÀ¸·Î °ËÁõµÈ ÀÚ·á¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±×°ÍÀ» ÇâÇØ ³ª¾Æ°¡±â º¸´Ù´Â µÚ·Î °¡¸é¼ ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù.〈±×°¡ °´°üÀû ÀڷḦ °¡Áö°í °ËÁõÇÏ¸é¼ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ¸ê¸Á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÁøÇàÇÏ¿´´õ¶ó¸é ±×´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ÃÖÈĽɯÇÀÇ À̳äÀÌ ¿À·ù¶ó´Â °á·Ð¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.〉 ±×¸®°í ¹°·Ð MarxÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹Ãø(projection)¿¡ µå¶ó¸¶¸¦ ÁÖ°í ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ »ç¸Á°ú ½ÉÆÇÀÌ ´Ù°¡ ¿À°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ï±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶ó´Â µ¶ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ȯ»óÀ» ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ±×°Í(ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ Á¾¸»·Ð)ÀÇ ãÌÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼ÒÀÌ´Ù. ãÌîÜ Àç´ÉÀº MarxÀÇ ±Û¿¡ °£ÇæÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀ» µå·¯³»¸é¼ ¸î¸î ±â¾ïÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ ¾î±¸µéÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. Ãß·ÐÇÏ°í °è»êÇϱ⺸´Ù´Â Á÷°üÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼ Marx´Â Á×À» ¶§±îÁö ½ÃÀÎÀ¸·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
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Marx´Â °£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»Çؼ Á¾¸»·ÐÀÇ ÀÛ°¡¿´´Ù. Á¾¸»·ÐÀû °³³äÀº Ç×»ó MarxÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú°í Á¤Ä¡°æÁ¦ÇÐÀڷμ ±×´Â ¿äÇѰè½Ã·ÏÀÇ ÃÖÈÄÀÇ ½ÉÆÇ¿¡¼Ã³·³ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀǰ¡ ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ Â¡¹úÀ» ¹Þ´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¿¹¾ðÀº °´°üÀûÀ¸·Î °ËÁõµÈ ÀÚ·á¿¡ ÀÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÁÖ°üÀûÀÌ°í °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¿¸Á°ú ãÌÀûÀÎ »ó»ó¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ 'ÀÚº»·Ð'Àº »ç½ÇÀÇ °ËÁõ°ú °úÇÐÀû Ãß·ÐÀÇ °á°ú°¡ ¾Æ´Ï°í ¼øÀüÈ÷ ¸¶¸£Å©½º ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºñ¶Ô¾îÁø ¿¹¾ðÀÇ »ê¹°ÀÌ´Ù.
Marx´Â (1) °·ÂÇÑ ÀÚº»°¡ÀÇ ¼ö°¡ Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î °¨¼ÒÇϰí (2)ÀÌ¿¡ »óÀÀÇÏ¿© ºó°ï°ú ¾ÐÁ¦¿Í ³ë¿¹È¿Í Åð¶ô°ú ÂøÃëÀÇ ¾çÀÇ Áõ°¡¿Í (3) ³ëµ¿ÀÚ °è±ÞÀÇ ºÐ³ëÀÇ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ °È°¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿¹¾ðÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ 3°³ÀÇ ÈûÀº ÇÔ²² ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¸é¼ Á¾¸»·ÐÀû ´ëÀç¾ÓÀÇ Á¤Ä¡-°æÁ¦Àû ÆÄźÀ» °¡Á®¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ý»ê¼ö´ÜÀÇ ÁýÁßÈ¿Í ³ëµ¿ÀÇ »çȸȴ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀ» ½Î°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ²®Áú°ú´Â ¾ç¸³ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÁöÁ¡¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ²®ÁúÀº Æø¹ßÇÏ¿© »ê»êÀÌ Èð¾îÁ® ¹ö¸®°í ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ »çÀ¯Àç»ê±ÇÀÇ ðÀñ¤(Á¶Á¾)ÀÇ ¼Ò¸®°¡ µé¸± °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àç»êÀ» ÂøÃëÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀÌ Àç»êÀ» ¸ô¼ö´çÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ºÎ·ÎÁ־ưè±ÞÀ» ¼Ò¸ê½ÃŰ´Â Çõ¸íÀÌ ¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Çõ¸íÀº ÀηùÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Àç»ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼¸¸ °¡´ÉÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
À̸¦ À§Çؼ »çȸ°¡ ÇØÃ¼µÇ°í ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ°¡ ź»ýÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ´Â ¿ª»ç°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ¿ª»çÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢¿¡ ±¼Á¾ÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê°í ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ¿ª»ç¸¦ Á¾½Ä½ÃŰ´Â Àç»ýÀÇ ¼¼·ÂÀ̶ó µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ°¡ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ°¡ µÇ°í ±¸¼¼ÁÖ°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ÇǸ¦ ²ú°Ô ÇÏ´Â Á¾¸»·ÐÀû ¿¹¾ðÀÌ°í »çȸÁÖÀÇ ¿±¤ÀÚµéÀÇ È¥À» ¹ÌÄ¡°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̰í, ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ »ç¸Á°ú ½ÉÆÇÀÌ ´Ù°¡¿À°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ï±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶ó´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¸Å·ÂÀûÀΠȯ»óÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. Marx´Â Ãß·ÐÇÏ°í °è»êÇϱ⺸´Ù´Â ȯ»ó°ú Á÷°üÀ¸·Î ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ Á¾¸»À» ¿¹¾ðÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼ Á¡¼º°¡ÀÌ°í ¾Ç·É µé¸° ½ÃÀÎÀ̾ú´Ù°í ÇϰڴÙ.
Marx´Â 1848³â °ø»ê´ç ¼±¾ð¿¡¼ °ø»êÁÖÀÇ À¯·É(the specter of Communist)ÀÌ Àü À¯·´À» ¹èȸÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. À̰ÍÀº °ø»êÁÖÀǰ¡ ¸ÓÁö¾Ê¾Æ¼ À¯·´À» Áö¹èÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í È£¾ðÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. Áö½ÄÀÎÀÌ ¿¤¸®Æ®·Î¼ À屺ÀÌ µÇ°í ³ëµ¿ÀÚ´Â º¸º´À» Çü¼ºÇÏ¿© ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ õ±¹À» ÇâÇØ Áø±ºÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¡¼ Áö³ 100³â µ¿¾È °ø»êÁÖÀÇ ¾Ç·ÉÀº 1¾ï ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÀιÎÀ» ÀιÎÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î ÇлìÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸¹Àº ³ª¶óµéÀ» Áö¿ÁÀÇ Áý´Ü¼ö¿ë¼Ò·Î ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. Áö±Ý Çѱ¹¿¡¼´Â ¶§´Ê°Ô °ø»êÁÖÀÇ ºÓÀº ¾Ç·ÉÀÌ ¹æ¹æ°î°î¿¡¼ ¹èȸÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
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