by Kim Pyung-woo (Attorney and former head of Korean Bar Association)
Impeachment proceedings in the U.S. come to a conclusion at the Senate. The House of Representatives files the charges and the Senate reaches a decision. U.S. senators serve six-year terms and voters in each state choose two to represent them regardless of the size or population of those regions.
(A large state like California with a population of 30 million, and Wyoming with a population of less than 10 million both elect two officials to represent them at the Senate.) There are currently 100 senators in the U.S. Each state typically elects one Republican and one Democratic official to the Senate so a majority group does not usually exceed 55 in number.
Moreover, senators usually serve two or three consecutive terms. As a result, most senators are veteran politicians who have more experience in Washington that the president (perhaps that is why the name Senate came from the Roman senate). Senators do not receive orders from the president, but offer him political advice. American politics is a concerted effort between the president and senators (the House of Representatives is primarily composed of younger lawmakers seeking to build up their political careers and their terms are usually two years so their contact with members of their constituencies is just as important as their political activities in Washington).
An impeachment requires the support of two thirds of the Senate in order to be passed. The Senate votes on each of the charges listed in the impeachment bill submitted by the House of Representatives. It took close to three months to review the impeachment bills targeting former U.S. presidents Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton. The entire Senate serves as the jury and has voting rights in an impeachment trial. The chief Supreme Court justice officiates the impeachment trial. But the justice has no voting right and merely presides over the trial. The role of prosecutor is played by a member of the House of Representatives. The judge determines the whether the evidence presented by the House judiciary committee is admissible or not. Only admissible evidence is submitted to the Senate. Opposing evidence submitted by the defendant (Clinton for instance) is also scrutinized using the same principles.
The judge handles all of the proceedings during the impeachment trial. And the judge also decides whether to open the trial to the public. It is customary for the judge to consult with the lawyers representing both sides before deciding whether to open the trial for public viewing. After both sides present evidence and present their arguments, the jury or senators gather for a discussion and vote. Two thirds of the Senate or 67 senators must support the impeachment bill in order to arrive at a conviction. Even one vote shy of the two thirds quorum results in an acquittal.
The judgment ends with the vote. There is no statement announcing the ruling and no chance of appealing the decision. As stated earlier, the Senate wields considerable power so it is not easy for an individual to complain about its decision. That goes for the news media and individual citizens. It is a final decision by a supreme authority and opposing the ruling is unimaginable. Threats being spotted in Korea to launch a revolution if the Constitutional Court rejects the impeachment bill targeting President Park Geun-hye is unimaginable in the U.S. and anyone making such claims will probably be treated as a mad person.
In Korea, the National Assembly files the charges, while the Constitutional Court makes the ruling in an impeachment trial. The Constitutional Court is composed of nine justices each serving six-year tenures. All nine justices are either judges or prosecutors with more than 20 years of experience. At least six of the nine justices must support the impeachment bill in order for a president to be removed from office. The impeachment bill is thrown out even if five Constitutional Court justices support it. The process is similar to a criminal trial. The president of the Constitutional Court serves as the chief justice. A representative from the National Assembly and head of the parliamentary judicial committee serve as prosecutors and present related evidence. The defendant, which is Park this time, presents opposing evidence either directly or through an attorney. The trial is said to be open to the public, but judging from the previous impeachment trial involving former president Roh Moo-hyun, entry to spectators will probably be highly restricted and media access denied.
Unlike the U.S. Senate, the Constitutional Court produces a detailed written explanation of its decision, which is revealed to the public and serves as a legal precedent. The Constitutional Court's rejection of a bill seeking to impeach former president Roh Moo-hyun has become a famous case internationally with legal experts around the world analyzing the decision and writing research papers about it. At any rate, the Constitutional Court's stature was greatly elevated following the Roh impeachment trial back in 2004 and the court has had the opportunity to chair an international conference of constitutional courts. The case has become a symbol of progress in Korean-style democracy and rule of law.
Impeachment proceedings start with lawmakers in both Korea and the U.S., but rulings are made by the Senate in America and by the Constitutional Court in Korea. The U.S. does not have a Constitutional Court, while Korea does not have a Senate. Korea gave the Constitutional Court the decision-making authority in impeachment trials by following the European model and Germany in particular. But Korea's mistake was its failure to adopt a bicameral parliament like Germany and other European countries. A bicameral national assembly has become the global standard, but for some reason, Korea maintains a unicameral parliament even though the Korean War ended more than 60 years ago and the Asian country boasts a GDP that rivals advanced countries around the world. A public demonstration is sorely needed in order to protest the obstinacy of lawmakers to protect their vested interests. In Brazil, impeachment rulings are made by the upper house of parliament like the U.S., but the president can appeal the decision at the Supreme Court.
Impeachment trials in Korea and the U.S. differ markedly by the institutions that make the rulings. And the standards applied in arriving at rulings are also different. In the U.S., the political experience of senators becomes the standard in arriving at rulings. The House of Representatives considers legal matters, while the Senate determines whether it is proper or improper to impeach the president. In the case of former president Johnson's case, his decision to sack his secretary of war after Congress revised the law requiring the president to gain their approval in firing secretaries constituted a legal violation, but cannot be viewed as attempting to damage America's national interests. As a result, his impeachment was rejected. In the case of Clinton, charges of perjury and obstruction of justice were rather evident, but his achievements in reviving the U.S. economy was highly commended and his sex scandal was passed off as being a private matter.
In the case of Korea, judges are career legal experts and are required to write a detailed explanation of their rulings. As a result, evidence, legal principles and precedents are particularly important. No matter how unpopular or how incapable a president may be in running the country, he or she cannot be impeached unless there is clear evidence and legal principles supporting the impeachment bill. The Constitutional Court rejected an impeachment bill targeting former president Roh Moo-hyun citing the fact that his violation of the Election Law requiring public servants to remain political neutrality may be evident, but the offense was not grave enough to justify impeachment. The court may appear to be making a political rather than legal decision. But it is unreasonable to ask a high-ranking official like the president to abide by regulations designed to keep low-level government workers in check during election season, while there is no precedent of impeaching the president due to such charges. And that is why four Constitutional Court justices did not support the impeachment bill.
In Park's case, she was elected president back in 2012 with the support of 51.6 percent of voters and she maintained a high approval rating until the Choi Soon-sil scandal erupted. She had no marked failures in running the country either. But Park's approval ratings have hit rock bottom after the scandal erupted. But for politicians, popularity is fleeting. As a result, low approval ratings cannot be used as rationale for impeachment. And she only has a year left in office so there is no urgent need to dismiss her.
Whether or not a grave violation of the law occurred must serve as the rationale for impeachment. Because bribery forms the backbone of the latest impeachment proceeding, acknowledging such alleged offenses should serve as a key too reaching a ruling. But the evidence presented in the letter of indictment against Park consists of primarily of newspaper article clippings. There is no precedent whatsoever accusing the president of constitutional and legal violations for establishing non-profit organizations and asking big businesses for donations. When such factors are considered, the latest impeachment trial is a simple case that the Constitutional Court should have few problems in reaching a decision over. I trust in the conscience of our Constitutional Court justices.
Jan. 9, 2017
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