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[¿ø¹®]
Export boom: Tobacco companies
trace fake cigarettes to North Korea
The Wall Street Journal 2006. 1. 27.
GORDON FAIRCLOUGH
A market researcher for Philip Morris USA, following up on a tip about sales of contraband cigarettes, walked into a corner store in New York City and bought a pack of Marlboros in August 2004.
Company researchers quickly determined that the smokes were fakes, manufactured by a skilled counterfeiter. But it wasn¢¥t until the next year that they figured out that the suspect cigarettes were from a factory in North Korea.
North Korea has become one of the world¢¥s largest producers of counterfeit smokes -- with the capacity to churn out more than two billion packs a year, tobacco companies say. That is giving the country¢¥s leaders a major new source of income as they move ahead with costly efforts to build an atomic arsenal.
Supplying counterfeit cigarettes has also cemented North Korea¢¥s ties to global organized-crime groups, giving the country access to a vast smuggling network that could allow it to covertly move almost anything -- from forged U.S. banknotes to weapons -- in or out of the isolated state, U.S. officials say.
Philip Morris USA, the American tobacco unit of New York-based Altria Group Inc., says that over the past several years it has discovered North Korean-made knock-offs of its Marlboro brand in more than 1,300 places, from New York to Oklahoma City, Fort Worth, Seattle and Los Angeles.
U.S. authorities seized more than a billion fake smokes, many allegedly from North Korea, in California last year as part of a major undercover operation targeting Asian smuggling rings. Millions more packs of fake Marlboros, Mild Sevens and other cigarettes made in North Korea have been seized in Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam and Belize.
In a little-publicized 2004 case, three Asian men -- two of them from Taiwan -- pled guilty to conspiring to smuggle counterfeit goods and currency, in connection with a scheme to send fake cigarettes, forged US$100 bills and knockoff Cialis, an erectile-dysfunction drug made by Eli Lilly & Co., into the U.S. A U.S. official says the cigarettes were made in North Korea.
'Much more dangerous things than cigarettes can flow along these same routes,' warns an official in the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush. 'The North Koreans could import technology and export strategic goods and weapons. It¢¥s a big deal.'
North Korea denies that it engages in counterfeiting or other illicit acts. The North¢¥s official news agency said last month that 'such illegal activities are unimaginable in the DPRK in the light of its nature and mission.' DPRK stands for Democratic People¢¥s Republic of Korea, the country¢¥s formal name.
Big cigarette companies, facing billions of dollars in lost revenue, have hired former intelligence and law-enforcement officials, recruited informants inside Asian crime syndicates and even sent agents into North Korea in an effort to stem what they say is a flood of illicit exports.
Andre Reiman, a senior vice president of Altria¢¥s Philip Morris International whose responsibilities include anticounterfeiting programs, said his company is 'very concerned to find organized counterfeiting of our products in the Democratic People¢¥s Republic of Korea.'
In a report prepared by a consortium of tobacco companies that includes Altria, Japan Tobacco Inc. and British American Tobacco PLC, and presented to U.S. authorities last year, investigators said that the North Korean regime could be earning $80 million to $160 million in payoffs alone from manufacturers of counterfeits.
Those estimates are equal to roughly 8% to 16% of the total value of North Korea¢¥s annual exports of legitimate goods. Profits from suspected state-run counterfeiting operations would likely push that number even higher, say tobacco-company executives.
Two developments have helped North Korea establish itself in the fake-smokes business. First, major cigarette manufacturers, sued by the European Union and others for allegedly supplying smugglers with cigarettes in an effort to circumvent taxes, have moved to keep their products out of criminals¢¥ hands.
Second, China has moved aggressively to clamp down on cigarette counterfeiting on its territory. Rather than engage in a high-stakes game of cat-and-mouse with the Chinese authorities, makers of high-end counterfeits have instead sought refuge in North Korea.
One of the main hubs of counterfeiting activity, the tobacco companies say, is Rajin, a run-down port city on North Korea¢¥s east coast. More than a decade ago, Pyongyang decided to turn the area into a free-trade zone as part of a United Nations-backed effort to spur economic development in the impoverished communist country and its neighbors.
Many of the cigarette factories in Rajin are owned or financed by Taiwanese and Chinese criminal groups, which smuggle the cigarettes they produce into countries around Asia as well as into the U.S. and Europe, say tobacco-company executives.
North Korean state-owned enterprises, mostly located in or near the country¢¥s capital, Pyongyang, also make knockoff cigarettes, the tobacco companies say.
The quality of the counterfeit cigarettes is also very good, say tobacco executives. Packs of fake Marlboros seized in Miami even included forged pamphlets urging smokers to visit a Web site to find information about the health dangers of cigarettes and the admonition 'Don¢¥t Litter' on the side of the box. Some also have copies of tax stamps from various U.S. states.
Washington has been trying to crack down. An interagency team with experts from the State Department, Justice Department, Secret Service and Central Intelligence Agency has been working to disrupt the flow of contraband from North Korea. But, given the welter of national jurisdictions involved, including those where police are poorly trained or in league with the criminals, it isn¢¥t easy.
Albert Chan, a spokesman for Japan Tobacco, says that his company 'has been working closely with law-enforcement authorities,' but said that 'much stronger cross-border cooperation among the various governments is required' to stop the trade in fake cigarettes from North Korea.
[ÀÎÅÍ³Ý µ¶¸³½Å¹®] http://www.independent.co.kr/
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