Ethical food ¨è

So what should the ethically minded consumer do?
4-3-21
Surely the case for local food, produced as close as possible to the consumer in order to minimise 'food miles' and, by extension, carbon emissions, is clear? Surprisingly, it is not. A study of Britain's food system found that nearly half of food-vehicle miles (ie, miles travelled by vehicles carrying food) were driven by cars going to and from the shops. Most people live closer to a supermarket than a farmer's market, so more local food mean more food-vehicle miles. Moving food around in big, carefully packed lorries, as supermarkets do, may in fact be the most efficient way to transport the stuff.
What's more, once the energy used in production as well as transport is taken into account, local food may turn out to be even less green. Producing lamb in New Zealand and shipping it to Britain is less energy-intensive. And the local-food movement's aims, of course, contradict those of the Fairtrade movement, by discouraging rich-country consumers from buying poor-country produce. But since the local-food movement looks suspiciously like old-fashioned protectionism masquerading as concern for the environment, helping poor countries is presumably not the point.

A. ¾îÈÖ
the case for local food Áö¹æ ÇöÁö»ý»ê ½ÄǰÀ» »ç¸Ô¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀ¯, for...¸¦ Âù¼º ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â.
in order to minimise 'food miles'. . . and carbon emissions. '½Äǰ°Å¸®¿Í ź¼Ò¹èÃâÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©. food miles ³ó»ê¹°»ý»êÁö¿¡¼­ ¼ÒºñÀå¼Ò±îÁöÀÇ °Å¸®.
emission ¹ß»ê, ÛÉѨ(¹è±â). extension È®Àå, ¿¬Àå, èâæÅ(¿Ü¿¬).
by extension ±×·Î ÀÎÇØ¼­. surprisingly ³î¶ø°Ôµµ.
food-vehicle miles ½Äǰ¼ö¼ÛÂ÷·®ÀÌ °¡´Â °Å¸®. ie. =that is Áï.
cars going to and from the shops (Áý¿¡¼­) °¡°è±îÁö ¿Õº¹ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ°¡¿ëÂ÷.
in big, carefully packed lorries Á¶½É½º·´°Ô ÁüÀ» ½ÇÀº Å« Æ®·°À¸·Î, lorry Æ®·°.
efficient È¿À²ÀûÀÎ. transport ¼ö¼ÛÇÏ´Ù. stuff ½Äǰ, ¿ø·á, Àç·á.
what is more ´õ¿íÀ̳ª. take into account °í·ÁÇÏ´Ù.
turn out to be even less green. ÈξÀ ´ú ȯ°æÄ£È­ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆÇ¸íµÈ´Ù. lamb ¾ç°í±â. less energy-intensive ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼Ò¸ð°¡ ´õ Àû´Ù.
the local-food movement Áö¿ª(±¹³»»ý»ê)½Äǰ »ç¸Ô±â ¿îµ¿.
contradict ¿¡ ¸ð¼øµÇ´Ù. À» ¹Ý¹ÚÇÏ´Ù. Fairtrade movement °øÁ¤°Å·¡ ¿îµ¿.
suspiciously Àǽɽº·´°Ôµµ. protectionism º¸È£¹«¿ªÁÖÀÇ.
masquerade . . .ü ÇÏ´Ù, ¼ÓÀÌ´Ù. Ê£ØüÙñÔ°üå(°¡¸é¹«µµÈ¸).
presumably ¾Æ¸¶, ÃßÃøÄÁ´ë. point ÇÙ½É.

B. ±¸¹®
-produced as close as possible
[(¼ÒºñÀÚ)¿¡°Ô °¡Àå °¡±î¿î °÷¿¡¼­ »ý»êµÈ]
cf. produced=which is produced, which´Â food¸¦ °¡¸®Å°´Â °ü°è´ë¸í»çÀÇ °è¼ÓÀû ¿ë¹ý.
-miles travelled by vehicles carrying food
[½ÄǰÀ» ÀûÀçÇÑ Â÷·®ÀÌ ´Þ·Á°£ °Å¸®.]
cf. travelled ´Â Çü¿ë»ç·Î ¾²ÀÎ °ú°ÅºÐ»ç(¼öµ¿ÀÇ ÀǹÌ)·Î¼­ miles ¸¦ ¼ö½Ä. carryingÀº Çü¿ë»ç·Î ¾²ÀÎ ÇöÀçºÐ»ç(´Éµ¿ÀÇ ÀǹÌ).
-those ´Â aims¸¦ °¡¸®Å°´Â Áö½Ã´ë¸í»ç.
-by discouraging. . . . poor country produce.
[ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ³ª¶óÀÇ ¼ÒºñÀÚµéÀÌ °¡³­ÇÑ ³ª¶óÀÇ ³ó»ê¹°À» »çÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô ¹æÇØÇÔÀ¸·Î½á].
cf. discourage. . . from ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô ÈѹæÇÏ´Ù. produce ³ó»ê¹°.
-protectionism masquerading as. . . . environment.
[ȯ°æ¿¡ °ü½ÉÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ ¼ÓÀÌ´Â º¸È£¹«¿ªÁÖÀÇ.]
cf. as ...À¸·Î, ...ó·³, ÀüÄ¡»ç. masquerading ÇöÀçºÐ»çÀÇ Çü¿ë»çÀû ¿ë¹ý

4-4-22
Appetite for change
The aims of much of the ethical-food movement--to protect the environment, to encourage development and to redress the distortions in global trade--are admirable. The problems lie in the means, not the ends. No amount of Fairtrade coffee will eliminate poverty, and all the organic asparagus in the world will not save the planet. Some of the stuff sold under an ethical label may even leave the world in a worse state and its poor farmers poorer than they otherwise would be.
So what should the ethically minded consumer do? Things that are less fun than shopping, alas. Real change will require action by governments, in form of a global carbon tax; reform of the world trade system; and the abolition of agricultural tariffs and subsidies, notably Europe's monstrous common agricultural policy, which coddles rich farmers and prices those in the poor world out of the European market. Proper free trade would be by far the best way to help poor farmers. Taxing carbon would price the cost of emissions into the price of goods, and retailers would then have an incentive to source locally if it saved energy. But these changes will come about only through difficult, international, political deals that the world's governments have so far failed to do.

A. ¾îÈÖ
appetite ¿å¸Á, ½Ä¿å. encourage ¿ë±â¸¦ ºÏµ¸¿ì´Ù, Àå·ÁÇÏ´Ù.
redress Îìïá(±³Á¤)ÇÏ´Ù, (À߸ø µûÀ§¸¦)¹Ù¸£°Ô °íÄ¡´Ù. distortion Àϱ׷¯Áø °Í, ºñƲ¸².
admirable ĪÂùÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ. means ¼ö´Ü. ends ¸ñÀû.
No amount of Fairtrade coffee °øÁ¤¹«¿ªÀ¸·Î °Å·¡µÈ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ¾çÀÇ Ä¿Çǵµ.
eliminate Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Ù. the organic asparagus À¯±â³ó¹ýÀ¸·Î Àç¹èµÈ ¾Æ½ºÆÄ¶ó°Å½º.
stuff ½Äǰ, Àç·á. under an ethical label µµ´öÀû ½ÄǰÀ̶ó´Â À̸§À¸·Î.
leave ...»óÅ·Π³²°ÜµÎ´Ù. otherwise=if not ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù¸é.
the ethically minded consumer µµ´öÀû Á¤½ÅÀ» °¡Áø ¼ÒºñÀÚ.
cf. minded´Â consumer¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â Çü¿ë»ç.
require ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Ù. action by governments ¿©·¯ ³ª¶ó Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Çൿ.
in form of ...ÀÇ ÇüÅ·Î.reform of the world trade system ¼¼°è¹«¿ªÁ¦µµÀÇ °³Çõ.
abolition ÆóÁö, îïøÈ(ÀüÆó). tariffs °ü¼¼.
the abolition of agricultural tariffs and subsidies ³ó»êǰ°ü¼¼¿Í ³ó¾÷º¸Á¶±ÝÀÇ ÆóÁö.
notably µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô. monstrous °Å´ëÇÑ, ¾î󱸴Ͼø´Â, ±â±«ÇÑ.
coddle ...À» »ó³ÉÇÏ°Ô ´Ù·ç´Ù, ÀÀ¼®¹ÞÀÌ·Î ±â¸£´Ù. proper ÀûÀýÇÑ. by far ÈξÀ ´õ.
Taxing carbon would price. . .into ź¼Ò¼¼¸¦ ºÎ°úÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ...¿¡ °ªÀ» ¶°³Ñ±â°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. taxing Àº ÁÖ¾î·Î ¾²ÀÎ µ¿¸í»ç, would´Â °¡Á¤¹ý°ú°Å(ÇöÀç ź¼Ò¼¼¸¦ ºÎ°úÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î). °¡Á¤¹ý°ú°Å´Â ÇöÀç»ç½ÇÀÇ ¹Ý´ë¸¦ °¡Á¤.
goods »óǰ. come about ÀϾ´Ù, »ý±â´Ù. political deals Á¤Ä¡Àû ÇùÁ¤(Çù»ó).
have so far failed to do Áö±Ý±îÁö ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ.

B. ±¸¹®
-some of the stuff sold. . . .otherwise would be.
[µµ´öÀû ½ÄǰÀ̶ó´Â À̸§À¸·Î ÆÇ¸ÅµÇ´Â ÀϺΠ½ÄǰÀº ¼¼°è¸¦ ´õ ³ª»Û »óÅ·Π(³²°ÜµÑÁöµµ)¸¸µéÁöµµ ¸ð¸£°í °¡³­ÇÑ ³ª¶óÀÇ ³óºÎµéÀ» ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀº °æ¿ìº¸´Ù(µµ´öÀû ½ÄǰÀÌ ¾ø´Â °æ¿ì) ´õ °¡³­ÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. state »óÅÂ, would be ´ÙÀ½¿¡ poor°¡ »ý·«µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½(µµ´öÀû ½ÄǰÀÌ ¾øÀ» ¶§ °¡³­Çß´ø °Í)]
-things that. . . .alas.
[(¼ÒºñÀÚ°¡ ÇØ¾ß µÉ ÀÏÀº) ½½ÇÁ°Ôµµ ¼îÇκ¸´Ù Àç¹Ì°¡ ´úÇÑ °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù.]
-notably Europe's. . . policy ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â agricultural tariffs and subsidies¿Í µ¿°Ý.
-prices those. . .out of the European market
[±×°Í(À¯·´ÀÇ ³ôÀº ³ó»ê¹°°ü¼¼¿Í º¸Á¶±Ý Áö±Þ)Àº °¡³­ÇÑ ¼¼°èÀÇ ³óºÎµéÀ» (±×µéÀÇ °ª½Ñ ³ó»ê¹°ÀÌ À¯·´ÀÇ ³ôÀº °ü¼¼¿Í º¸Á¶±Ý ¶§¹®¿¡ À¯·´¿¡¼­ Å͹«´Ï¾øÀÌ ³ôÀº °¡°ÝÀÌ µÇ±â ¶§¹®¿¡) À¯·´½ÃÀå¿¡¼­ ¹ßÀ» ºÙÀÌÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. prices. . .out of the market °ªÀÌ ³ô¾Æ¼­ ½ÃÀå¿¡¼­ ¹ßÀ» ºÙÀÌÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Ù.]
-retailers would then. . .if it saved energy.
[Áö¹æ»ê(±¹³»»ê)³ó»ê¹° ±¸ÀÔÀÌ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ Àý¾àÇÑ´Ù¸é ¼Ò¸Å¾÷ÀÚµéÀº Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ »ý»êµÈ ½ÄǰÀ» ±¸ÀÔÇÏ·Á´Â µ¿±âÀ¯¹ßÀ» °¡Áö°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.]
cf. source ¸ÕÀú ±¸ÀÔÇÏ´Ù. Û¡ê¹(¹ß¿ø)ÇÏ´Ù.
cf. °¡Á¤¹ý°ú°Å
. ÇöÀç»ç½ÇÀÇ ¹Ý´ë¸¦ °¡Á¤ÇÏ°í »ó»óÇÏ´Â °Í.
. if+S+V+. . ., S+Á¶µ¿»ç°ú°Å(would, could µî)+V. . .
. Retailers do not have an incentive to source locally, as it does not save energy (Á÷¼³¹ý)
¡æRetailers would have an incentive to source locally, if saved energy.(°¡Á¤¹ý). would ¿Í saved´Â ½ÃÁ¦´Â °ú°ÅÀÌÁö¸¸ ½ÇÁ¦½Ã°£Àº ÇöÀçÀÓ.
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