5-3-26
One of the most primal of those desires is that a possible partner smells right. Good smells and bad smells are fundamentally no different from each other; both are merely volatile molecules wafting off an object and providing some clue as to the thing that emitted them. Humans, like all animals, quickly learn to assign values to those scents, recognizing that, say, putrefying flesh can carry disease and thus recoiling from its smell and that warm cookies carry the promise of vanilla, sugar and butter and thus being drawn to them. Other humans carry telltale smells of their own, and those can affect us in equally powerful ways.
The best-known illustration of the invisible influence of scent is the way the menstrual cycles of women who live communally tend to synchronize. In a state of nature, this is a very good idea. It's not in a tribe's or community's interests for one ovulating female to monopolize the reproductive attention of too many males. Better to have all the females become fertile at once and allow the fittest potential mates to compete with one another for them.
But how does one female signal the rest? The answer is almost certainly smell. Pheromones--or scent-signaling chemicals--are known to exist among animals, and while scientists have had a hard time unraveling the pheromonal system in humans, they have isolated a few of the compounds. One type, known as driver pheromones, appears to affect the endocrine systems of others. Since the endocrine system plays a critical role in the timing of menstruation, there is at least a strong circumstantial case that the two are linked. 'It's thought that there is a driver female who gives off something that changes the onset of menstruation in the other women,' says chemist Charles Wysocki of the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia.
A. ¾îÈÖ
primal ±Ù¿øÀÇ, ÃÖÃÊÀÇ, ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ.
a possible partner smells right. ¹è¿ìÀÚ°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ³¿»õ°¡ ÁÁ´Ù. fundamentally ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î. volatile ýÆÛ¡àõ(Èֹ߼º)ÀÇ.
molecule ÝÂí(ºÐÀÚ). waft (°øÁßÀ»)¶°µ¹´Ù, ³¿»õ, (¹Ù¶÷°á¿¡ µé·Á¿À´Â)¼Ò¸®.
volatile molecules wafting off an object ¾î¶² ¹°Ã¼¿¡¼ ¶³¾îÁ® ³ª¿Í °øÁß¿¡ ¶°µµ´Â Èֹ߼º ºÐÀÚ. waftingÀº Çü¿ë»ç·Î ¾²ÀÎ ÇöÀçºÐ»ç·Î¼ molecules À» ¼ö½Ä.
clue (Á¶»ç.¿¬±¸ÀÇ)´Ü¼, ½Ç¸¶¸®. Ô³øö(µµÇ¥).
as to...¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©. emit ³» »Õ´Ù, ¹ß»êÇÏ´Ù. assign ÇÒ´çÇÏ´Ù, ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù,...Å¿À¸·Î µ¹¸®´Ù. scent ³¿»õ, Çâ±â. putrefy ºÎÆÐÇÏ´Ù, ûùÒÛ(ȳó)ÇÏ´Ù.
putrefying flesh ½â¾î °¡´Â »ì(À°Ã¼). recoil ÈÄÅðÇÏ´Ù, ÚãÔÑ(¹Ýµ¿)ÇÏ´Ù.
be drawn to...¿¡ ²ø¸®´Ù. telltale ¹Ð°íÀÚ, ¼Ó»çÁ¤À» Æø·ÎÇÏ´Â °Í.
telltale smells Àڽŵµ ¸ð¸£°Ô dz±â´Â ³¿»õ. equally ¶È °°ÀÌ.
the best-known illustration °¡Àå Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø çÓ(¿¹).
invisible º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â. influence ¿µÇâ. scent ³¿»õ.
menstrual cycles êÅÌèñÎÑ¢(¿ù°æÁÖ±â).
live communally (ºÎÁ·»ýȰ, ±â¼÷»ç µî¿¡¼)°øµ¿À¸·Î »ýȰÇÏ´Ù.
synchronize µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÀϾ´Ù. in a state of nature ÀÚ¿¬»óÅ¿¡¼. tribe ºÎÁ·. community °øµ¿»çȸ, Áö¿ª»çȸ, °øµ¿»ýȰü. ovulate ÛÉÕ°(¹è¶õ)ÇÏ´Ù.
monopolize µ¶Á¡ÇÏ´Ù. reproductive attention ßæãÖ(»ý½Ä)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü½É.
fertile áôïñ(¼öÁ¤)ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ. the fittest potential mates ÀáÀç´É·ÂÀÌ °¡Àå ¶Ù¾î³. compete with °æÀïÇÏ´Ù. one another ¼·Î ¼·Î.
how does one female signal the rest? (°øµ¿ »ýȰÇÏ´Â) ÇÑ ¿©¼ºÀÌ ³ª¸ÓÁö ¿©¼ºµé¿¡°Ô ¾î¶»°Ô (¿ù°æ)½ÅÈ£¸¦ º¸³»´Â°¡?
scent-signaling chemicals ³¿»õ½ÅÈ£¸¦ º¸³»´Â ÈÇй°Áú. unravel ¹àÈ÷´Ù, ¹®Á¦¸¦ Ç®´Ù. have had a hard time unravelling ¹àÈ÷´Â µ¥¿¡ ¾î·Á¿òÀ» °Þ¾ú´Ù. isolate ºÐ¸®ÇÏ´Ù. compound ÈÇÕ¹°. endocrine Ò®ÝÂù²àÊ(³»ºÐºñ¼±).
critical role °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¿ªÇÒ. menstruation ¿ù°æ.
circumstantial case ï×üÏ(Á¤È²)ÀûÀÎ ÞÀë¦(»çÀ¯) give off ¹ß»êÇÏ´Ù.
a driver female ¸ôÀÌ²Û ¿©¼º[à»Óô(¼±µµ)¿©¼º] onset ½ÃÀÛ, Âø¼ö.
B. ±¸¹®
-recognizing that. . . . from its smell
[½â¾î°¡°í ÀÖ´Â (µ¿¹°ÀÇ) »ìÀº º´±ÕÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾ÆÂ÷¸®°í ±×·¡¼ ±× ³¿»õ·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹°·¯°¡¸ç. . . ]
cf. recognizing(=and humans recognize) °ú recoiling(and humans recoil)Àº ºÐ»ç±¸¹®.
-the way the menstrual. . . synchronize
[°øµ¿À¸·Î »ýȰÇÏ´Â ¿©¼ºµéÀÇ ¿ù°æÁֱⰡ °°¾ÆÁö´Â ¸ð½ÀÀÌ´Ù.]
cf. the way¿Í the menstrual »çÀÌ¿¡ °ü°èºÎ»ç how°¡ »ý·«. the menstrual ÀÌÇÏ´Â way¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â Çü¿ë»çÀý. the way how ÀÏ ¶§´Â ¼±Çà»ç way ³ª °ü°èºÎ»ç how Çϳª¸¦ ¹Ýµå½Ã »ý·«ÇؾߵÊ.
-It's not in a tribe's. . . . many males.
[¹è¶õ±â¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿©¼º ÇÑ ¸íÀÌ Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ¸¹Àº ³²¼ºµéÀÇ ßæãÖ(»ý½Ä)Àû °ü½ÉÀ» µ¶Á¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Ý»ðé(ºÎÁ·)À̳ª °øµ¿Ã¼¿¡°Ô ÀÌ·ÓÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ù. ]
cf. it´Â to monopolize...¸¦ °¡¸®Å°´Â °¡ÁÖ¾î, for one ovulating femaleÀº to monopolizeÀÇ Àǹ̻ó ÁÖ¾î.
-Better to have. . . . one another for them.
[(ÇÑ °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ) ¸ðµç ¿©¼ºµéÀÌ µ¿½Ã¿¡ áôïñ(¼öÁ¤)ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÏ°í ±×·¡¼ ¼öÁ¤¿¡ °¡Àå ÀûÇÕÇÑ ³²¼ºµéÀÌ ±×µé(¿©¼º)À» Â÷Áö Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©(¼öÁ¤½Ã۱â À§ÇÏ¿©) ¼·Î¼·Î °æÀïÇϵµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ ³´´Ù.]
cf. better ¾Õ¿¡ it is »ý·«. have´Â »ç¿ªµ¿»ç, become Àº ¿øÇüºÎÁ¤»ç.
-One type, known. . . . of others.
[¸ôÀ̲Û(¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®) Æä¸£¸óÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁø ÇÑ À¯ÇüÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ¿©¼ºµéÀÇ ³»ºÐºñ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ.]
cf. known¾Õ¿¡ which is »ý·«.
5-4-27
It's not just women who respond to such olfactory cues. One surprising study published last October in the journal Evolution and Human Behavior showed that strippers who are ovulating average $70 in tips per hour; those who are menstruating make $35; those who are not ovulating or menstruating make $50. Other studies suggest that men can react in more romantic ways to olfactory signals. In work conducted by Martie Haselton, an associate professor of psychology at UCLA, women report that when they're ovulating, their partners are more loving and attentive and, significantly, more jealous of other men. 'The men are picking up on something in their partner's behavior that tells them to do more mate-guarding,' Haselton says.
Scent not only tells males which females are primed to conceive, but it also lets both sexes narrow their choices of potential partners. Among the constellation of genes that control the immune system are those known as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which influence tissue rejection. Conceive a child with a person whose MHC is too similar to your own, and the risk increases that the womb will expel the fetus. Find a partner with sufficiently different MHC, and you're likelier to carry a baby to term.**
A. ¾îÈÖ
olfactory cues ³¿»õ°¡ º¸³»´Â Áö½Ã(¾Ï½Ã).
study published last October Áö³ 10¿ù¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÈ ¿¬±¸.
journal Á¤±â°£Ç๰, ½Å¹®, ÀâÁö, Àϱâ. evolution ÁøÈ. human behaviour Àΰ£Çൿ. average Æò±ÕÀûÀ¸·Î ...ÀÌ µÇ´Ù. react. . .to ...¿¡ ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ´Ù.
in work conducted by Martie Haselton ¸¶Æ¼ ÇìÀÌÁñÅÏ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÇàÇØÁø ¿¬±¸¿¡¼.
associate professor ºÎ±³¼ö. psychology ½É¸®ÇÐ.
women report that. . . ¿©ÀÚµéÀÌ thatÀÌÇϸ¦ º¸°íÇÑ´Ù.
their partners are more loving and attentive ¿©ÀÚµéÀÇ ¾ÖÀεéÀº (¿©Àڵ鿡°Ô) ¾ÖÁ¤À» ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ°í ´õ °ü½ÉÀ» Ç¥½ÃÇÑ´Ù. significantly ƯÈ÷.
jealous of other men ´Ù¸¥ ³²ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ÁúÅõ¸¦ ´À³¤´Ù. pick up on À» Æ÷ÂøÇÏ´Ù.
prime »çÀü¿¡ ÁغñÇÏ´Ù. are primed to conceive ÀÓ½ÅÇÒ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù.
both sexes ³²¼º ¿©¼º ¸ðµÎ. potential °¡´ÉÇÑ, ÀáÀç·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ´Â.
constellation àøñ¨(¼ºÁÂ), Ñ»Ôþàø(±â¶ó¼º)°°Àº ¸ðÀÓ(ÀÏ´Ü).
the constellation of genes ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ À¯ÀüÀÎÀÚ. immune system ¸é¿ªÃ¼°è.
major histocompatibility complex(MHC) ÁÖ¿ä Á¶Á÷Àû ÇÕ¼º º¹ÇÕü.
influence ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¡´Ù. tissue (»ý¹°)Á¶Á÷. rejection °ÅºÎ.
tissue rejection Á¶Á÷°ÅºÎ(¹ÝÀÀ).
similar to ...¿Í À¯»çÇÑ. womb ÀÚ±Ã. expel ³» ÂÑ´Ù, Ãß¹æÇÏ´Ù. fetus ÷Ãä®(žÆ).
to term ³¡±îÁö. carry a baby to term ¾Æ±â¸¦ À¯»ê ¾øÀÌ ³º°Ô µÇ´Ù.
B. ±¸¹®
-The mean are picking up . . . mate-guarding.
[³²ÀÚµéÀº ¿©ÀÚÀÇ Çൿ ¼Ó¿¡¼ ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ Â¦(¿©ÀÚ)À» (»©¾Ñ±âÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï) °æ°è¸¦ ´õ Àß Ç϶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» Æ÷ÂøÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.]
cf. °ü°è´ë¸í»ç thatÀÇ ¼±Çà»ç´Â something.
-it also lets both sexes narrow their choices of potential partners.
[±×°Í(üÃë)Àº ¶ÇÇÑ ³²¼º ¿©¼º µÑ ´Ù¿¡°Ô ÀáÀçÀû ÆÄÆ®³Ê¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼±ÅÃÀÇ ¹üÀ§¸¦ Á¼È÷µµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù.]
cf. letÀº »ç¿ªµ¿»ç, narrow´Â ¿øÇüµ¿»ç.
-the risk increases that the womb will expel the fetus.
[ÀÚ±ÃÀÌ Å¾Ƹ¦ Ãß¹æÇÒ À§ÇèÀÌ ³ô¾ÆÁø´Ù(À¯»êÀÇ À§Ç輺ÀÌ ³ô¾ÆÁø´Ù).]
cf. that ÀÌÇÏ´Â ÁÖ¾î risk¿Í µ¿°ÝÀÌ µÇ´Â µ¿°ÝÀÇ ¸í»çÀý.
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