8-3-42
Overall, the benefits of regulation in America far outweigh its costs, says the White House's Office of Management and Budget. Between 1996 and 2006, it puts the annual cost of the main federal regulations at between $ 40 billion and $46 billion, whereas these rules yield between $99 billion and $484 billion in annual benefits. Yet many experts doubt these figures. Jerry Ellig of George Mason University notes that they are based on the estimates various agents make when they propose rules, with little attempt to measure how they work in practice. The Competitive Enterprise Institute, a conservative think-tank, reckons that the true cost of all federal regulations is a whopping $1.1 trillion a year, a figure that includes the burden of price supports, barriers to entry and complying tax code. For a small firm, complying with federal regulations costs $7,600 per employee per year, according to a report prepared for the Small Business Administration.

A. 어휘
overall 전체적으로 보면. benefit 혜택. outweigh ...보다 뛰어나다, 보다 무겁다.
far outweigh its costs 규제로 인해 생기는 비용보다는 규제의 혜택이 더 많다.
budget 예산. annual 1년의. annual cost 年(년) 비용. federal regulation 연방규정.
billion 10억. whereas 반면에. yield 産出(산출)하다. expert 전문가.
figure 額數(액수), 숫자. note 언급하다. estimate 평가. agent 정부의 요원.
measure 측정하다. enterprise 기업, 계획.
Competitive Enterprise Institute 기업경쟁연구소. conservative 보수적인.
reckon 계산하다. whopping 터무니없이 큰. trillion 1兆(조). barrier 장애물, 防壁(방벽). burden 짐, 부담.
barriers to entry 進入(진입) 장애(새로운 업자가 들어오는 것을 막는 장벽).
comply (요구에) 응하다, 따르다. tax code 稅法(세법).
complying tax code 세법을 준수하는 것. small firm 小企業(소기업).
according to a report prepared for ...을 위해서 준비된 보고서에 의하면.

B. 구문
-they are based on. . . they work in practice.
cf. with + NOUN→부대상황 (...을 하면서).
with little attempt 시도를 거의 하지 않으면서.
[그것들(these figures)은 여러 관련기관들이 규정을 제안할 때에 그 규정이 실제로 어떻게 작용하는 지를 측정하려는 시도도 하지 않고 (규정의 예상 혜택에 대해서)내리는 평가에 바탕을 두고 있다.]

8-4-43
Hard to quantify, especially if you don't try
Experts admit that they don't even know whether the regulatory burden is growing or shrinking. Since 1970s, many rules have been revoked. Price controls are a distant memory and several industries, from airlines to banking, have been deregulated. But rules relating to health, safety, the environment and national security have multiplied. Some of these are necessary, but many are not. For example, American health-care regulations cost $169 billion a year more than they yield in benefits, and lead to 7m Americans not being able to afford health insurance. By another estimate, measures to keep terrorists off aeroplanes cost lives by prompting people to drive instead of fly, which is nine times more dangerous.
Many of the effects of regulation are hard to measure. But a deeper problem is that politicians often don't try very hard to weigh costs against benefits at all. After an exhaustive study of American regulations, Robert Hahn of the American Enterprise Institute, a think-tank, concluded that quite a lot of cost-benefit analysis is done, but it is sometimes shoddy and politicians often ignore it.

A. 어휘
quantify 計量(계량)하다. regulatory burden 規制(규제)의 짐.
shrink-shrank-shrunk 줄다. 오그라들다. revoke 폐기하다. price control 가격통제.
deregulate 규제를 해제하다. relating to = which relate to ...와 관련되는.
national security 국가안보. multiply 倍加(배가)하다, 증대하다. lead to 결과를 낳다.
yield in benefits 혜택을 가져오다. measure 법안, 조례, 조치.
measures to keep terrorists off aeroplanes 테러리스트들이 비행기를 타지 못하도록 하는 조치.
cost lives 목숨을 빼앗아 가다. prompt 재촉하다.
by prompting people to drive instead of fly 비행기 대신에 자동차를 타도록 鼓舞(고무) 시킴으로써.
costs against benefits 혜택 對(대) 비용. not at all 전혀 ...하지 않다.
exhaustive 철저한, 남김 없는. think-tank 두뇌집단.
cost-benefit analysis 비용 對 혜택 분석. shoddy 조잡한, 가짜의.
ignore 黙殺(묵살)하다, 무시하다.

B. 구문
-American health-care regulations cost. . . to afford health insurance.
cf. Americans not being able to→Americans who are not able to
[미국의 건강관리규정은 그것이 생산하는 혜택보다는 1650억불만큼 더 많은 비용이 들게 하고 7백만 명의 미국인들이 건강보험을 누릴 수 없는 결과를 가져온다.]
-by prompting people to drive instead of fly, which is nine times more dangerous.
cf. which is→because it is. it→to drive.
[사람들로 하여금 비행기로 날라 가는 것 대신에 자동차를 타고 가도록 재촉함으로써(목숨을 빼앗아 간다),왜냐하면 자동차로 가는 것은 비행기로 가는 것보다는 아홉배나 더 위험하기 때문이다.]

8-5-44
Politicians are reluctant to be seen opposing almost any rule aimed at thwarting terrorists, or to allow economists to put a price on a human life (hence all the health-care rules) or a pristine landscape. And even the worst regulation usually heaps benefits on a small group, while its costs are widely spread. The beneficiaries thus lobby hard to keep each rule, while its victims do nothing. The late Mancur Olson, an economist, predicted that interest groups will grow in number until they cause their host society to slip into economic decline. America is nowhere close to that. But it surely needs more watchdogs (and horse floaters) to growl at the regulators.

A. 어휘
reluctant 싫어하다, 꺼리다. to be seen opposing 반대하고 있는 것으로 보이는 것.
thwart 반대하다, 방해하다.
any rule aimed at =any rule that is aimed at ...을 목적으로 하는 법률.
pristine 太古(태고)의, 원시시대의. heap 대량으로 공급하다, 축적하다.
spread-spread-spread 늘이다, 펼치다. beneficiary 혜택을 받는 사람. victim 피해자.
the late Mancur Olson 故(고) Mancur Olson. predict 예상하다.
interest group 이익집단. decline 衰退(쇠퇴). growl 으르렁거리다. 불평하다.