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¹Ý°øÀÚÀ¯-±³¾ç¿µ¾î(3): For king, then country
For king, then country(The Economist, May 5th 2016)

 India at War: The Subcontinent and the Second World War. By Yasmin Khan. Oxford University Press; 416 pages; $29.95. Published in Britain as The Raj at War: A People's History of India's Second World War. Bodley Head; £25.
India¡¯s War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia. By Srinath Raghavan. Basic; 554 pages; $35. Allen Lane; £30.

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3-1-17
AT THE close of 1945 the British Raj could congratulate itself. Despite growing impatience for independence, the empire had still managed to muster a 2.5m-man Indian army, the largest all-volunteer force in history. Indian troops had served loyally at home to crush an incipient insurrection in 1942. They proved crucial to British victories in Ethiopia, north Africa and the Middle East; in Burma they eventually inflicted the biggest land defeat ever suffered by the Japanese imperial army. India also contributed materiel and money: by the war¡¯s end Britain owed its prized but impoverished colony £1.3 billion, an eighth of British GDP.

Yet the war was also catastrophic, both for the Raj and for India. The relatively small scale of India¡¯s direct war casualties—some 90,000 soldiers killed in six years of fighting on three continents, 6,000 sailors lost and 1,400 civilians killed by Japanese bombs—belied far wider suffering. The Bengal famine of 1943, the prime cause of which may have been inflation fuelled by the printing of rupees to cover wartime deficits, left as many as 3m dead. Ignominious defeats in Malaya, Singapore and Burma undermined British prestige. Of the half a million Indian civilians who joined a chaotic exodus from Burma in 1942, perhaps one in ten also perished.

1945³â ¸»°æ¿¡ ÓÞçÈ(´ë¿µ)ÀεµÁ¦±¹(the British Raj)Àº ½º½º·Î¸¦ ÃàÇÏÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. µ¶¸³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¡ÁõÇÏ´Â(growing) Á¶±ÞÁõ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí Á¦±¹Àº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¿ª»ç»ó ÃÖ´ëÀÇ ¸ðµÎ Áö¿øº´À¸·Î Æí¼ºµÈ 250¸¸¸íÀÇ ÀεµÀÎ ±º´ë¸¦ ¼ÒÁýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀεµÀÎ ºÎ´ë´Â Àεµ±¹³»¿¡¼­ 1942³â ÃʱâÀÇ ¹Ý¶õ±ºÀ» Áø¾Ð(crush)Çϱâ À§ÇØ Ãæ¼º½º·´°Ô ÂüÀü(serve) ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀº Ethiopia¿Í ºÏ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í ñéÔÔ(Áßµ¿)¿¡¼­ ¿µ±¹±ºÀÇ ½Â¸®¿¡ °áÁ¤ÀûÀ̾úÀ½À» Áõ¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù; ¹ö¸¶¿¡¼­ °á±¹ Àεµ±ºÀº ÀÏÂïÀÌ ÀϺ»Á¦±¹ ±º´ë°¡ ÀÔÀº ÃÖ´ëÀÇ Áö»óÀü ÆÐ¹è¸¦ °¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù(inflict). Àεµ´Â ¶Ç ¹°ÀÚ¿Í Àڱݵµ Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀüÀïÀÌ ³¡³¯ ¶§Âë ¿µ±¹Àº ¼ÒÁßÇÏÁö¸¸ °¡³­ÇÑ ½Ä¹ÎÁö(Àεµ)¿¡°Ô ¿µ±¹ ±¹¹ÎÃÑ»ý»êÀÇ 1/8¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ºúÀ» Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

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1942³â È¥¶õ½º·± BurmaÅ»Ãâ¿¡ µ¿ÂüÇÏ¿´´ø 50¸¸ÀÇ Àεµ¹Î°£Àεé Áß¿¡¼­ ¾Æ¸¶µµ 10¸í Áß 1¸íÀÇ ºñÀ²·Î ½ÇÁ¾µÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


3-2-18
Far from securing the jewel in the British empire¡¯s crown, the war rendered India¡¯s independence inevitable. Distress caused by the wartime doubling of prices, the bare-knuckle crushing of dissent, the requisitioning of land and goods, the militarisation and mobilisation of large chunks of Indian society and Britain¡¯s divide-and-rule manipulation of India¡¯s sectarian rifts all contributed to a combustible atmosphere. In 1947, two years after the war ended, it exploded in the bloodletting of partition.

Few had foreseen or wanted this outcome at the war¡¯s onset. The brutal logic of partition, as two new histories of India and the second world war make clear, evolved in large part as a result of decisions made by a fateful triangle of actors: British officials desperate to keep a lid on India, a secular Congress movement that wavered between Gandhian pacifism, support for the Allies and collaboration with the Axis, and a hitherto unpopular Muslim League that exploited the turmoil to push for dividing the subcontinent along religious lines. Pakistan¡¯s founding father, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, later admitted that this ¡°war which nobody welcomed proved to be a blessing in disguise.¡± To him, at least.

´ë¿µÁ¦±¹ÀÇ ¿Õ°üÀÇ º¸¼®(Àεµ)À» Áö۱â´ÂÄ¿³ç ÀüÀïÀº ÀεµÀÇ µ¶¸³À» ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. µÎ ¹è³ª ¿À¸¥ îúãÁ(Àü½Ã)¹°°¡·Î ÀÎÇÑ °íÅë, ¹Ý´ëÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀÚºñÇÑ Åº¾Ð(crushing), ÅäÁö¿Í ¹°ÀÚÀÇ Â¡¹ß, Àεµ»çȸ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ±º»çÈ­¿Í ±âµ¿È­, ÀεµÀÇ Á¾ÆÄºÐ¿­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ºÐ¸®¿Í Áö¹èÀÇ Á¶Á¾(Á¤Ã¥) ¸ðµÎ°¡ ʦæ×(°¡¿¬) ºÐÀ§±âÁ¶¼º¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀüÀïÀÌ ³¡³­ 2³â ÈÄÀÎ 1947³â¿¡ ±× ºÐÀ§±â´Â ºÐÇÒ(ÈùµÎ±³Áö¿ª°ú ȸ±³Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î ºÐ´Ü)ÀÇ êüúì(À¯Ç÷) »óÅÂ·Î Æø¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù.

ÀüÀïÀÌ ½ÃÀÛÇßÀ» ¶§´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾Æ¹«µµ ÀÌ·± °á°ú¸¦ ¿¹»óÇϰųª ¿øÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. Àεµ¹× 2Â÷ ¼¼°èÀüÀïÀÇ µÎ »õ·Î¿î ¿ª»ç°¡ ¹àÇôÁÖ´Â °Í°ú °°ÀÌ, ºÐ´ÜÀÇ ÀÜȤÇÑ(brutal) ³í¸®´Â ¿î¸íÀûÀÎ ¼¼ ¸íÀÇ ¹è¿ìµéÀÌ ³»¸° °áÁ¤ÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼­ »ý°Ü³­ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(evolved): ¼¼¸íÀÇ ¹è¿ì´Â Àεµ»çŸ¦ ÇÊ»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ö½ÀÇÏ·Á´Â ¿µ±¹ °ü¸®µé(A), °£µðÀÇ ÆòÈ­ÁÖÀÇ¿Í µ¿¸Í±º(¿µ,¹Ì, ÇÁ¶û½º)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö¿ø°ú õÒõî(ÃßÃà)±¹(µ¶ÀÏ, ÀϺ», ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ)°úÀÇ ÇùÁ¶»çÀÌ¿¡¼­ Èçµé¸®°í ÀÖ´Â ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ ±¹¹ÎȸÀÇÆÄ(Congress)(B)¿Í È¥¶õÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ °æ°è¼±(lines)¿¡ µû¶ó Àεµä¬ÓÞ×Á(¾Æ´ë·ú,subcontinent)ÀÇ ºÐ´ÜÀ» ÃßÁøÇÏ´Â Áö±Ý±îÁö ÀαⰡ ¾ø´ø ȸ±³µ¿¸Í(C)ÀÌ´Ù. ÆÄŰ½ºÅºÀÇ ÏÐÝ«(±¹ºÎ)ÀÎ Muhammad Ali Jinnah´Â ÈÄ¿¡ ¡°¾Æ¹«µµ ȯ¿µÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø ÀÌ ÀüÀïÀº À§ÀåµÈ ÃູÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆÇ¸íµÇ¾ú´Ù.¡±¶ó°í ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Àû¾îµµ ±×¿¡°Ô´Â ÃູÀ̾ú´Ù.
 

3-3-19
Despite the importance of India¡¯s role in the war and its critical impact on India¡¯s own destiny, few popular histories have treated the subject. These two new books for the general reader neatly fill the gap. Better yet, they are complementary rather than competing accounts. (A third superb recent work, Raghu Karnad¡¯s ¡°Farthest Field: An Indian Story of the Second World War¡±, which traces one family¡¯s dramatic war years, also deserves mention.)

Yasmin Khan, a historian at Oxford, offers a richly researched social history of wartime India that is peppered with fascinating detail. Her sources range from official accounts and court records to the diaries and letters of Indian and British soldiers and officers, upper-class colonial women and rebellious Indian housewives. All this she weaves into a flowing narrative that touches on such forgotten aspects as India¡¯s acceptance of stranded European refugees as well as of Japanese civilians transported from Singapore, whose squalid internment influenced Japan¡¯s own ugly treatment of captured civilians.

ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ ÀεµÀÇ Á߿伺°ú Àεµ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿î¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀüÀïÀÇ °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ Ãæ°Ý¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí ÀÌ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ Ãë±ÞÇÑ ´ëÁßÀûÀÎ ¿ª»çÃ¥Àº °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù. ÀÏ¹Ý µ¶ÀÚ¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÀÌ µÎ ãæßö(½Å¼­)°¡ ±× °ø¹éÀ» ±ò²ûÇÏ°Ô Ã¤¿ö ÁØ´Ù. ´õ¿í ´õ ÁÁÀº °ÍÀº µÎ Ã¥ÀÌ °æÀïÀûÀ̶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â »óÈ£ º¸¿ÏÀûÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.(¼¼ ¹øÂ° ¾ÆÁÖ ¶Ù¾î³­ ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ Àú¼ú(work)ÀÎ Raghu KarnadÀÇ ¡°°¡Àå ¸Õ ÀüÀå: 2Â÷ ¼¼°èÀüÀï¿¡ °üÇÑ ÇÑ ÀεµÀÎ À̾߱⡱´Â ÇÑ °¡Á·ÀÇ ±ØÀûÀÎ ÀüÀï±â°£À» ÃßÀûÇϰí Àִµ¥ ¶ÇÇÑ ¾ð±ÞÇÒ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.)

¿Á½ºÆÛµå ´ëÇÐÀÇ ¿ª»çÇÐÀÚÀÎ Yasmin Khan´Â ¸Å¿ì Àç¹ÌÀÖ´Â ¼¼ºÎ¹¦»ç·Î ¾ç³äÀÌ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â, dzºÎÇÏ°Ô Á¶»çµÈ Àü½Ã Àεµ »çȸ¿ª»ç¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. ±×³àÀÇ ÀÚ·á´Â °ø½Ä ÑÀâû(±â¼ú)°ú ¹ý¿ø±â·ÏÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Àεµ¿Í ¿µ±¹ À庴, ½Ä¹ÎÁöÀÇ »ó·ù¿©¼º(¿µ±¹), ¹ÝÇ×ÀûÀÎ Àεµ°¡Á¤ÁֺεéÀÇ ÆíÁö¿Í Àϱ⿡ À̸£±â±îÁö ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ±×³à´Â ½Ì°¡Æ÷¸£·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼ö¼ÛµÈ ÀϺ» ¹Î°£ÀÎÀº ¹°·Ð ³«¿ÀµÈ À¯·´ÀÎ ÑñÚÅ(³­¹Î)µéÀ» Àεµ°¡ ¼ö¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº ÀØÇô Áø »ç½Ç(aspect)À» À¯Ã¢ÇÏ°Ô ¼­¼úÇϰí ÀÖ´Â À̾߱â·Î Â¥³½´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀϺ»¹Î°£µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñ¿­ÇÑ °¨±ÝÁ¤Ã¥(internment)ÀÌ Æ÷·Î°¡ µÈ ¹Î°£ÀÎ(¿µ±¹)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϺ»ÀÇ Çд뿡 ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ãƾú´Ù.


3-4-20
Describing the slow erosion of discrimination between British and Indian officers in the army of the Raj, she notes that it was only mid-way through the war that Indians were allowed to sit on courts-martial for British soldiers, and that after the capture from Italy of the Eritrean city of Asmara, separate brothels were maintained for British and Indian soldiers.

Ms Khan picks out ironies, such as the discomfort caused to the Raj by Britain¡¯s chief ally. When American diplomats placed advertisements in Indian newspapers proclaiming the right of all men to freedom, British censors quietly confiscated those editions. Yet the Raj went along with a softer American propaganda ploy, the distribution of pin-ups of Hollywood starlets. ¡°Images of women and the promise of sex, whether real or imagined, were hitched firmly to the war effort,¡± writes Ms Khan. ¡°The Raj had to jettison, or at the very least reformulate, the old ways of protecting the prestige of women.¡±

ÀεµÁ¦±¹ÏÚ ¼Ò¼Ó ¿µ±¹ÀÎ Àå±³¿Í ÀεµÀÎ Àå±³ »çÀÌÀÇ Â÷º°ÀÇ ¿Ï¸¸ÇÑ ÇØ¼Ò(erosion)¸¦ ±â¼úÇϸ鼭 ±×³à´Â ÀüÀï Á߹ݿ¡ °¡¼­¾ß ¿µ±¹º´»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±º»ç¹ýÁ¤¿¡ ÀεµÀεéÀÌ Âü¼®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Çã¿ëµÇ¾ú°í ±×¸®°í AsmaraÀÇ Eritrea㼸¦ ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¡·ÉÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ ¿µ±¹º´»ç¿Í Àεµº´»ç¸¦ À§ÇÑ ºÐ¸®µÈ ë´Î©(À¯°û)ÀÌ À¯ÁöµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ±â¼úÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

Ms Khan´Â ¿µ±¹ÀÇ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ µ¿¸Í±¹(¹Ì±¹)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀεµÁ¦±¹¿¡ °¡ÇØÁø ºÒÄèÇÑ Àϰú °°Àº ±×·± ¾ÆÀÌ·¯´Ï¸¦ ÁöÀûÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ¿Ü±³°üµéÀÌ Àεµ ½Å¹®¿¡ ÀÚÀ¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç Àΰ£ÀÇ ±Ç¸®¸¦ ¼±Æ÷ÇÏ´Â ¼±Àü±¤°í¸¦ ³»¾úÀ» ¶§ ¿µ±¹ °Ë¿­°üµéÀº ½Å¹®(±¤°í¹°ÀÌ ½Ç¸°)ÆÇÀ» ¸ô¼öÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀεµÁ¦±¹Àº Hollywood Àα⠿©¹è¿ìµéÀÇ »çÁø(pin-ups)ÀÌ ½Ç¸° ½Å¹®ÀÇ ¹èºÎ(distribution)°°Àº ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ º¸´Ù ¿Â°ÇÇÑ ¼±ÀüÃ¥·«°ú µ¿ÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù. Ms KhanÀº ¡°¿©¼ºµéÀÇ À̹ÌÁö¿Í ¼½½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾à¼ÓÀº »ç½ÇÀÌµç »ó»óÀûÀ̵ç ÀüÀï³ë·Â(effort)°ú ´Ü´ÜÇÏ°Ô ¹­¿© ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.¡±¶ó°í ¾²°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¡°ÀεµÁ¦±¹Àº ¿©¼ºÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ º¸È£ÇÏ´Â ¿¾³¯ ¹æ½ÄÀ» ¹ö¸®°Å³ª Àû¾îµµ °³ÇõÇØ¾ß Çß´Ù.¡±
 

3-5-21
There is irony, too, in a comment she unearths from an intelligence report on the mood among British troops in India. ¡°The British Tommy...does not understand Indian politics,¡± it stated confidently. ¡°To him it appears foolish to fight for a country that does not want to be helped and from which we are clearing out after the war.¡± This generic soldier seems better attuned to Indian politics than his superiors.

Srinath Raghavan, a fellow at the Centre for Policy Research, a Delhi think-tank, usefully supplies the facts, in charts, figures, maps and details of military operations, which Ms Khan elides. He also gives thorough, fascinating and revealing accounts of the economic transformations generated by the war, and of the debates and decision-making in wartime politics.

No one comes out of this looking very good. Mr Raghavan lets the cynicism and occasional outright racism of British officials speak for themselves. Winston Churchill, for instance, told his cabinet in 1940 that troubles between Hindus and Muslims were ¡°a bulwark of British rule¡±, and later dismissed famine in Bengal as less important than famine in Greece.

±×³à°¡ ¹ß±¼ÇÑ ÀεµÁֵР¿µ±¹±ººÎ´ëÀÇ ÞÍѨ(»ç±â)¿¡ °üÇÑ Á¤º¸º¸°í¼­ÀÇ ¾î¶² ³íÆò(¾ð±Þ)¿¡µµ ¾ÆÀÌ·¯´Ï°¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±× º¸°í¼­´Â ¡°¿µ±¹ º´»ç(Tommy)´Â ÀεµÁ¤Ä¡¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.¡±¶ó°í ÀڽŠÀÖ°Ô ³íÆòÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¡°±×(¿µ±¹º´»ç)¿¡°Ô´Â µµ¿òÀ» ¿øÇÏÁöµµ ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ÀüÀïÀÌ ³¡³ª¸é ¶°³ª°¥ ³ª¶ó(ÀεµÁ¦±¹)¸¦ À§ÇØ ¿ì¸®°¡ ½Î¿ì´Â °ÍÀº ¾î¸®¼®Àº °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ (Àüü¸¦ ´ëÇ¥ÇÏ´Â) º´»ç´Â ±×ÀÇ »ó±ÞÀڵ麸´Ù´Â ÀεµÁ¤Ä¡¿¡ ´õ Àß µ¿Á¶Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °Í °°´Ù.¡±

Delhi¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Á¤Ã¥¿¬±¸ ¼¾ÅÍÀÇ Æ¯º°¿¬±¸¿øÀÎ Srinath RaghavanÀº »ç½ÇÀ» µµÇ¥¿Í ¼öÄ¡¿Í Áöµµ¿Í ±º»çÀÛÀüÀÇ ¼¼ºÎ»çÇ×À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î(usefully) Á¦°øÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç À̰͵éÀ» Ms Khan´Â »ý·«ÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ÀüÀïÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ °æÁ¦Àû º¯Çü¿¡ °üÇÑ Ã¶ÀúÇÏ°í ¾ÆÁÖ Àç¹ÌÀÖ°í, óÀ½À¸·Î ¹àÇôÁÖ´Â(revealing), À̾߱â¿Í îúãÁ(Àü½Ã) Á¤Ä¡¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤°ú ³íÀï¿¡ °üÇÑ À̾߱⸦ Á¦°øÇØ ÁØ´Ù.

¾Æ¹«µµ ÀÌ·± »óȲ(this)À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. Mr RaghavanÀº ¿µ±¹°ü¸®µéÀÇ ³Ã¼Ò¿Í °¡²û¾¿ µé¾î³ª´Â ÀÎÁ¾ÁÖÀǸ¦ ±×µé ½º½º·Î Æø·ÎÇϵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î¼­, Winston ChurchillÀº 1940³â Ò®ÊÈ(³»°¢)¿¡°Ô ÈùµÎ±³µµ¿Í ȸ±³µµ »çÀÌÀÇ ºÐÀïÀº ¡°¿µ±¹ Áö¹èÀÇ ÜÂפ(º¸·ç)¡±¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ¿´°í ±× µÚ BengalÀÇ ÑÆä»(±â¾Æ)¸¦ ±×¸®½ºÀÇ ±â¾Æº¸´Ù´Â ´ú Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù¸ç °¡º±°Ô ó¸®ÇÏ¿´´Ù(dismiss).


3-6-22
But the author also offers a corrective to later Indian accounts that have exaggerated the strength of pro-independence feeling and glorified the Japanese-sponsored Indian National Army, made up of Indian POWs and defectors. No more than 9,000 of these soldiers actually fought against the Raj in Japan¡¯s ill-fated invasion of India in 1944, Mr Raghavan notes. More remarkable in retrospect was the loyalty shown by many Indian soldiers: a British censor¡¯s log from Tunisia records a soldier¡¯s letter to his family declaring proudly, ¡°Our beloved king (God save him) has conquered this country.¡±

Both books argue persuasively that the war not only consolidated India¡¯s sense of self, but generated many of the institutions and attitudes that framed independent India. Mr Raghavan quotes a British staff officer of the 19th Indian division describing its drive to capture the Burmese capital, Rangoon: ¡°Twenty races, a dozen religions, a score of languages passed in those trucks and tanks. When my great-great-grandfather first went to India there had been as many nations: now there was one—India.¡± Sadly, this would not be so true by 1947, and the Raj cracked into two parts.

±×·¯³ª ÀúÀÚ´Â ¶ÇÇÑ µ¶¸³Âù¼º°¨Á¤ÀÇ Ë­Óø(°­µµ)¸¦ °úÀåÇϰí ÀεµÀÎ Æ÷·Î¿Í ÀüÀïÆ÷·Î¿Í Å»¿µº´À¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ, ÀϺ»ÀÌ Áö¿øÇÑ, Àεµ±¹¹Î±ºÀ» Âù¾çÇÏ´Â ÀüÈÄ(later)ÀεµÀεéÀÇ ¸»(accounts)¿¡ ±³Á¤À» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. Mr RaghavanÀº 1944³â ÀϺ»ÀÇ Üôê¡(ºÒ¿î)ÇÑ ÀεµÄ§°ø¿¡¼­ À̵é Àεµ±¹¹Î±º º´»ç Áß¿¡¼­ °Ü¿ì 9000¸íÀÌ ÀεµÁ¦±¹±º¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇØ¼­ ½Î¿ü´Ù°í ±â¼úÇÑ´Ù. ȸ°íÇØ º¸¸é, ¸¹Àº ÀεµÁ¦±¹±º º´»çµéÀÌ º¸¿©ÁØ Ãæ¼º½ÉÀº ´õ ³î¶ó¿ï Á¤µµ´Ù: TunisiaÀü¼±ÀÇ ¿µ±¹ °Ë¿­°üÀÇ ìíò¼(ÀÏÁö)´Â ¡°¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ±¹¿Õ(½ÅÀÌ¿© ÆóÇϸ¦ º¸È£ÇØ ÁÖ¼Ò¼­!)²²¼­ ÀÌ ³ª¶ó(Æ¢´ÏÁö)¸¦ Á¤º¹Çϼ̽À´Ï´Ù.¡±¶ó°í ÀÚ¶û½º·´°Ô ¼±¾ðÇϸ鼭 °¡Á·¿¡°Ô º¸³»´Â ÇÑ º´»ç(ÀεµÀÎ)ÀÇ ÆíÁö¸¦ ±â·ÏÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

µÎ Àú¼­´Â ÀüÀï(2Â÷ ¼¼°èÀüÀï)Àº ÀεµÀÇ ÀڽۨÀ» °ø°íÈ÷ ÇÏ¿´À» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó µ¶¸³ÀεµÀÇ »À´ë¸¦ ¸¸µç ¸¹Àº Á¦µµ¿Í ÀÚ¼¼¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÏ¿´´Ù. Mr RaghavanÀº Á¦19Àεµ»ç´ÜÀÇ ¹ö¸¶ ¼öµµ Rangoon Á¡·É ÀÛÀü(drive)À» ±â¼úÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¿µ±¹ÀÎ Âü¸ðÀå±³ÀÇ ¸»À» ÀοëÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù: ¡°20°³ÀÇ Á¾Á·, 12°³ÀÇ Á¾±³, 20(score)°³ÀÇ ¾ð¾î°¡ Àúµé Æ®·°°ú ÅÊÅ©¸¦ Ÿ°í Áö³ª°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. ³ªÀÇ °íÁ¶ºÎ°¡ Àεµ¿¡ óÀ½ °¬À» ¶§´Â 20°³ÀÇ ³ª¶ó°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Áö±ÝÀº ÇϳªÀÇ Àεµ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.¡± ½½ÇÁ°Ôµµ, À̰ÍÀº 1947³â°æ¿¡´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̾ú°í ±×¸®°í ÀεµÁ¦±¹Àº µÎ ºÎºÐ(Àεµ¿Í ÆÄŰ½ºÅº)À¸·Î °¥¶óÁ³´Ù.

 

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