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¹Ý°øÀÚÀ¯-±³¾ç¿µ¾î(6): Churchill & Orwell
°³¼ºÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ÇÑ ÀüÁ¦Á¤Ä¡µµ ÃÖ¾ÇÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ »ý»êÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±× ¸íĪÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÌ°Ç °£¿¡ °³¼ºÀ» ¸»»ìÇϴ üÁ¦´Â¡ªãê(½Å)ÀÇ ¶æÀ» ÁýÇàÇϵç Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» ÁýÇàÇϵ硪µ¶ÀçÀÌ´Ù.
Churchill and Orwell: The Fight for Freedom(by Thomas E. Ricks)


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¸¸¾à »õ·Ó°Ô ÇØ¾ß µÉ °ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é Àΰ£ÀÇ Áö¼ºÀº Çʿ䰡 ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¹¯Áö ¾Ê°í ¼Ò³ª ¸»Ã³·³ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ °ÍÀ» ±×´ë·Î ´ä½ÀÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Àΰ£´äÁö°¡ ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °¡Àå ÁÁÀº ½Å³ä(beliefs)À̳ª °üÇàÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡ ÀÇÇØ, À屸ÇÑ ¼¼¿ù¿¡ °ÉÃÄ, Ó׿ÔñýÞÀ(´ç¿¬Áö»ç)·Î °£ÁÖµÇ¾î º¯È­³ª Çõ½ÅÀÇ Çʿ伺À» ±ú´Ý´Â ±âȸ°¡ µå¹°¾îÁö±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Åð¶ôÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª °­ÇÏ´Ù. Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Ç×»ó ¼Ú¾Æ³ª´Â µ¶Ã¢¼ºÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½À̳ª °üÇàÀÌ ´Ü´ÜÇÑ ÀüÅëÀ¸·Î ±»¾îÁö´Â °ÍÀ» ¿¹¹æÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é ±¹°¡³ª »çȸ´Â ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ Ãæ°Ýµµ °ßµ®³»Áö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ºñÀÜÆ¾Á¦±¹Ã³·³ ¹®¸íÀÌ Á×Áö ¸»¶ó´Â ¹ýµµ ¾ø´Ù. Åð¶ôÇÑ ÀüÅëÀÇ Á·¼â¸¦ Áø½ÇÀÇ ¸ÁÄ¡·Î ±ú¶ß¸± ¼ö Àִ õÀç°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸é ¹®¸íÀº ¼è¶ôÇÒ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

õÀç´Â Ç×»ó ¼Ò¼ö°¡ µÇ±â ½±´Ù. À̰ÍÀº »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ õÀ縦 °¡Áö±â À§Çؼ­´Â ±×µéÀÌ ÀÚ¶ö ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Åä¾çÀ» º¸Á¸ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. õÀç´Â ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ Ç³Åä¿¡¼­¸¸ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô È£ÈíÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. õÀç´Â ±× ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéº¸´Ùµµ ´õ °³ÀÎÀûÀÌ°í »çȸ°¡ ºÎ°úÇÏ´Â ¼Ò¼öÀÇ ±Ô°Ý¿¡µµ ½º½º·Î¸¦ ¸ÂÃâ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ °ü³ä°ú °üÇàÀÇ ¼Ó¹ÚÀÌ ÀûÀ»¼ö·Ï, ±×·¡¼­ °³ÀÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯°¡ º¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ º¸ÀåµÇ´Â dzÅä¿¡¼­ º¸´Ù ¸¹Àº õÀç°¡ ¹èÃâµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. õÀç´Â °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇ¿Í ±íÀº ¿¬°üÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ´Þ¸® ¸»Çؼ­ °³ÀÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯°¡ öÀúÇÏ°Ô º¸ÀåµÇ´Â ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǰ¡ ºÒº¯ÀÇ ÀüÅëÀ¸·Î È®¸³µÈ ¹®È­Ç³Åä¿¡¼­ õÀç°¡ ¸¹ÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù. 〱J.S. MillÀÇ ¡®ÀÚÀ¯·Ð¡¯¡µ
 

Churchill &; Orwell

6-1-32
Together in the mid-twentieth century these two men led the way, politically and intellectually, in responding to the twin totalitarian threats of fascism and communism. On the day that Britain entered World War ¥±, Churchill stated, 'It is a war, viewed in its inherent quality, to establish, on impregnable rock, the rights of the individual, and it is a war to establish and revive the stature of man.' Orwell expressed the same thought in his plainer style: 'We live in an age in which the autonomous individual is ceasing to exist,' he fretted two years later.

Orwell and Churchill recognized that the question of their century ultimately was not who controlled the means of production, as Marx thought, or how the human psyche functioned, as Freud taught, but rather how to preserve the liberty of the individual during an age when the state was becoming powerfully intrusive into private life. The historian Simon Schama has described them as the architects of their time. They were, Schama said, 'the most unlikely of allies.' Their shared cause was to prevent the ride of state murder that began rising in the 1920s and 1930s, and crested in the 1940s, from continuing to rise.

 

20¼¼±â Áß¿±¿¡ ÀÌµé µÎ »ç¶÷Àº ÇÔ²² ÆÄ½ÃÁò°ú °ø»êÁÖÀǶó´Â µÎ °³ÀÇ ÀüüÁÖÀÇÀû À§Çù¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÔ¿¡ À־ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸®°í ò±îÜ(ÁöÀû)À¸·Î ±æÀ» ¾È³»ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿µ±¹ÀÌ Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü¿¡ ÂüÀüÇÑ ±×³¯¿¡ ChurchillÀº ¡°±×°ÍÀº(ÀüÀï)Àº, ±×°ÍÀÇ ³»ÀçÀûÀÎ º»Áú(quality)ÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ º¼ ¶§, °³ÀÎÀÇ ±Ç¸®¸¦ ÑñÍôÜôÕª(³­°øºÒ¶ô)ÀÇ Úñà´(¹Ý¼®) À§¿¡ È®¸³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ°í ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ Áøº¸(stature)¸¦ È®¸³Çϰí Àç»ý½ÃŰ´Â ÀüÀïÀÔ´Ï´Ù.¡±¶ó°í ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù. OrwellÀº °°Àº »ç»óÀ» º¸´Ù øÁì¯(ÆòÀÌ)ÇÑ ¹®Ã¼·Î¼­ Ç¥ÇöÇÏ¿´´Ù: ±×´Â 2³â µÚ¿¡ ¡°¿ì¸®´Â ÀÚÀ²ÀûÀÎ °³ÀÎÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ³¡³»°¡´Â ½Ã´ë¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù¡±¶ó°í ÃÊÁ¶ÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Orwell°ú ChurchillÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¼¼±â(20¼¼±â)ÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¶¸£Å©½º°¡ »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´µíÀÌ ´©°¡ »ý»ê¼ö´ÜÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ´À³Ä ¶Ç´Â Freud°¡ °¡¸£Ä£ °Íó·³ Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀº ¾î¶»°Ô ±â´ÉÇÏ´À³Ä°¡ ¾Æ´Ï°í ±¹°¡°¡ °³ÀÎÀÇ ÞçßæüÀ(»ç»ýȰ)¿¡ °­·ÂÇÏ°Ô Ä§¹üÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô °³ÀÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ º¸Á¸ÇÏ´À³Ä¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ÅëÂûÇÏ¿´¾ú´Ù. ¿ª»çÇÐÀÚ Simon Schama´Â ±×µéÀº(Orwell°ú Churchill) ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ °ÇÃà°¡µéÀ̶ó°í ÑÀâû(±â¼ú)ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Schama´Â ±×µéÀº ¡°°¡Àå ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â µ¿¸ÍÀڵ顱À̶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀÌ °øÀ¯ÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀû(cause)Àº 1920³â´ë¿Í 1930³â´ë¿¡ ÀϾ±â ½ÃÀÛÇØ¼­ 1940³â´ë¿¡ Á¤Á¡¿¡ ´ÞÇÑ »ìÀÎ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ñËú¼(ÁÖÇà)ÀÌ °è¼Ó Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
 

6-2-33
The heart of both men's stories is in the same crucial period from the rise of the Nazis until the aftermath of World War ¥±. In this period, when so many of their peers gave up on democracy as a failure, neither man ever lost sight of the value of the individual in the world, and all that that means: the right to dissent from the majority, the right even to be persistently wrong, the right to distrust the power of the majority, and the need to assert that high officials might be in error¡ªmost especially when those in power strongly believe they are not. As Orwell once wrote, 'If liberty means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear'¡ªmost especially for him, facts that they did not want to acknowledge. He pursued that very specific right all his life.

µÎ »ç¶÷ÀÇ À̾߱âÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀº ³ªÄ¡½ºÀÇ ýéÑÃ(Èï±â)·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü Á÷ÈıîÁöÀÇ ½Ã±â¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡, ±×µéÀÇ ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº µ¿·áµéÀÌ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǸ¦ ÆÐ¹èÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó¸ç Æ÷±âÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ À̵é Áß ÇÑ »ç¶÷µµ ÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡ »ç´Â °³ÀÎÀÇ °¡Ä¡¿Í ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¸¦ °áÄÚ Àؾî¹ö¸®Áö(lose sight of) ¾Ê¾Ò¾ú´Ù: ´Ù¼ö¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®, ½ÉÁö¾î ¿µ¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Ʋ¸± ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®, ´ëÁßÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀ» ºÒ½ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®, ±×¸®°í °íÀ§ °ü¸®µéÀÌ ¿À·ù¿¡ ºüÁ® ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÒ Çʿ伺À»¡ª¸Å¿ì ƯÈ÷ ±Ç·ÂÀÚµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ ¿À·ù¿¡ ºüÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í ¹Ï°í ÀÖÀ» ¶§¡ª(°áÄÚ ÀØÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù). OrwellÀÌ ÇѶ§ ½è´ø °Íó·³ ¡°¸¸¾à ÀÚÀ¯°¡ ¹º°¡¸¦ Á¶±ÝÀÌ¶óµµ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±×µéÀÌ µè±â¸¦ ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.¡± ƯÈ÷ ±×¿¡°Ô´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤Çϱ⸦ ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç½ÇÀ» (¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù). ±×´Â ±× ¸Å¿ì Ưº°ÇÑ ±× ±Ç¸®¸¦ ÀÏ»ýµ¿¾È Ãß±¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
 

6-3-34
At the first school Churchill attended, flogging was used freely, to the point of causing screaming and bleeding. 'How I hated this school,' Churchill wrote. Eventually his parents transferred him to that small, enlightened academy in Brighton where Churchill, who may have suffered from some sort of attention deficit disorder, wisely was allowed to pursue only the subjects that interested him, which he recalled as 'French, History, lots of Poetry by heart, and above all Riding and Swimming.' But even there, though happier, Churchill managed to be ranked last in the conduct.

Later in school, his housemaster found that Churchill was notable for 'his forgetfulness, carelessness, unpunctuality, and irregularity in every way.' Despite these flaws, as a teenager he somehow learned to write. 'I got into my bones the essential structure of the ordinary British sentence¡ªwhich is a noble thing,' he wrote. His ability with the English language would become his major asset in both his careers, politics and writing. He would go on to publish some fifteen million words in his lifetime. But his formal education stopped there, and all his life he would have large gaps in his knowledge.

ChurchillÀÌ ´Ù³æ´ø ù ¹øÂ° Çб³¿¡¼­´Â ¸ÅÁúÀÌ ºñ¸íÀ» Áö¸£°í ÇǸ¦ È긮´Â Á¤µµ±îÁö ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ½ÇÇà(used)µÇ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¡°³ª´Â ÀÌ Çб³¸¦ ³Ê¹«³ª ½È¾îÇß¾ú´Ù¡±¶ó°í ChurchillÀº ½è¾ú´Ù. ¸¶Ä§³» ±×ÀÇ ºÎ¸ð´Â ChurchillÀ» Brighton¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀÛ°í °è¸íµÈ Çб³(academy)·Î ÀüÇнÃÄ×°í, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ÁÖÀǰáÇÌÁõÀ¸·Î °íÅë¹Þ°í ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÇ´Â(may have suffered) ChurchillÀº Çö¸íÇϰԵµ ÀÌ Çб³¿¡¼­ ±×¿¡°Ô Èï¹Ì¸¦ ÁÖ´Â °ú¸ñ¸¸ Ãß±¸Çϵµ·Ï Çã¶ô¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ °ú¸ñµéÀº ¡°ºÒ¾î, ¿ª»ç, ¸¹Àº ãÌ(½Ã)ÀÇ ¾Ï¼Û, ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ½Â¸¶¿Í ¼ö¿µ¡±À̶ó°í ±×´Â ȸ»óÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °Å±â¿¡¼­µµ ChurchillÀº Àüº¸´Ù´Â ÇູÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ ǰÇ༺Àû(conduct)Àº ²ÃÂî¿´´Ù.

ÈÄ¿¡ Çб³ ±â¼÷»ç ÞìÊø(»ç°¨)Àº ChurchillÀº ¡°±×ÀÇ °Ç¸ÁÁõ, ºÎÁÖÀÇÇÔ, ½Ã°£À» ÁöŰÁö ¾Ê´Â °Í, ¸ðµç ¸é¿¡¼­ ³­ÀâÇÑ Çൿ¡±À¸·Î À¯¸íÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ·± °áÇÔ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±×´Â ½Ê´ë(teenager)ÀÏ ¶§ ¿©ÇÏÆ° ±Û¾²±â¸¦ ¹è¿ü´Ù. ±×´Â ¡°³ª´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¿µ¾î¹®ÀåÀÇ ±âº» ±¸Á¶¸¦ »Ä¼Ó±îÁö Áý¾î³Ö¾ú´Ù¡ªÀ̰ÍÀº ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù¡±¶ó°í ½è´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¿µ¾î´É·ÂÀº ±×ÀÇ Á÷¾÷°ú Á¤Ä¡¿Í ÁýÇÊ ¾ç¸é¿¡¼­ ±×ÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÚ»êÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÏ»ýµ¿¾È 1500¸¸ ´Ü¾î¸¦ ÃâÆÇÇÒ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ °ø½Ä±³À°Àº °Å±â¿¡¼­(±× Çб³¿¡¼­) ³¡³ª°Ô µÇ¾ú°í ±×·¡¼­ ÀÏ»ýµ¿¾È Áö½Ä¿¡¼­ ¸¹Àº ºóÆ´À» °¡Áö°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.


6-4-35
Churchill emerged from school, he recalled, 'considerably discouraged.' His parents considered him not clever enough to become a lawyer, so he was shunted to the army, a common destination for dull offspring of the British aristocracy. The ground force was easier on the dim-witted than the Royal Navy, which was seen as more important to the defense of the island nation and so was more inclined to a meritocratic approach. But even with that low bar, it took three tries before Churchill was admitted to Sandhurst, the British army's academy for its infantry and cavalry branches. He was accepted into cavalry, for which competition was easier, as many young men could not afford the expense of keeping a line of horses and servants to tend them. As Churchill put it, 'Those who were at the bottom of the list were accordingly offered the easier entry into the cavalry.' The choice also appealed to Churchill's fondness for comfort and pageantry. Not only could he ride instead of walk, but also, he noted, 'the uniforms of the cavalry were far more magnificent than those of the Foot.'

ChurchillÀº ¡°»ó´çÈ÷ ³«´ãÇÑ »óÅ·Ρ± ±× Çб³¸¦ Á¹¾÷ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù°í ȸ»óÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ºÎ¸ð´Â ±×°¡ ¹ý·ü°¡°¡ µÉ ¸¸Å­ ¶È¶ÈÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´°í ±×·¡¼­ ±×´Â ±º´ë·Î µ¹·ÁÁö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥ ÀÌ·± ÀÏÀº ¿µ±¹ ±ÍÁ·ÀÇ µÐÇÑ ÀÚ¼ÕµéÀÇ °øÅëµÈ ¿î¸íÀ̾ú´Ù. µÐÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â Áö»ó±º(À°±º)ÀÌ ÇØ±º(Royal Navy)º¸´Ù´Â µé¾î°¡±â°¡ ´õ ½¬¿ü´Âµ¥ ÇØ±ºÀº ¼¶³ª¶ó ¹æ¾î¿¡ ´õ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù°í °£ÁֵǾú°í ±×·¡¼­ ÇØ±ºÀº ½Ç·ÂÀ§ÁÖÀÇ ¸ðÁý¹æ¹ý(approach)À» ´õ ¼±È£ÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ½ÉÁö¾î ±×·¸°Ô ³·Àº ÀÔÇбâÁØ(low bar)¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í º¸º´°ú ±âº´À» À§ÇÑ ¿µ±¹ À°±º»ç°üÇб³ÀÎ Sandhurst ÀÔ±³¸¦ À§ÇØ ¼¼ ¹øÀ̳ª ½ÃÇèÀ» ÃÄ¾ß Çß´Ù(three tries). ±×´Â ±âº´°ú¿¡ ÀÔÇеǾú´Âµ¥ ÀÌ´Â ±âº´°ú°¡ ¸¹Àº ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀÌ ÏÚØ©(±º¸¶)¿Í ±º¸¶¸¦ °ü¸®ÇÒ ÇÏÀεéÀ» À¯ÁöÇÒ ºñ¿ëÀ» ºÎ´ãÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ °æÀïÀÌ ´õ ½¬¿ü±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ChurchillÀÌ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ¡°µû¶ó¼­ ¸í´Ü(the list)ÀÇ ¹Ø¹Ù´Ú¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Áö¿øÀÚ(those)µé¿¡°Ô ±âº´°ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´õ ½¬¿î ÀÔÇÐÀÌ Á¦°øµÇ¾ú¾ú´Ù.¡± ±× ¼±ÅÃÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ¾È¶ôÇÔ°ú íàκ(Àå°ü)À» ¼±È£ÇÏ´Â ChurchillÀÇ ¸¶À½¿¡ µü µé¾î¿À´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. µµº¸(walk) ´ë½Å¿¡ ¸»À» Ÿ°í ´Þ¸± ¼ö ÀÖÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¡°±âº´ÀÇ Á¦º¹Àº º¸º´º¸´Ù´Â ÈξÀ ´õ ¸ÚÁ³¾ú´Ù(magnificent)¡±¶ó°í ±×´Â ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
 

6-5-36
The novel (1984) begins with a matter-of-fact but disturbing statement: 'It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen.' That is, by the end of the sentence, the reader is being taken into a world that is different, probably gone very wrong. The second paragraph begins with the sentence, 'The hallway smells of boiled cabbage and old rag mats.' The ominous sense is then confirmed at the end of that paragraph, when the hero ¡ªidentified twice, each time as 'Winston'¡ªpasses captioned 'BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU,' emphatically capitalized in the text.

By the end of the book's first page, it is clear that the author knows what he wants to say and how to say it. We are introduced to a world in which objective reality does not exist, or at least is deemed to be illegal by the all-seeing state. There is universal surveillance, conducted by 'the Thought Police' using 'telescreens' that simultaneously transmit and receive, and delicate enough to sense an accelerating heartbeat. 'It was even conceivable that they watched everybody all the time,' Orwell writes, foreseeing today's electronically omniscient state. Winston gazes out the window of his apartment and sees, a kilometer away, looming on the building of the Ministry of Truth, the three slogans of the Party:

WAR IS PEACE
FREEDOM IS SLAVERY
IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH

The author goes on to describe the other government departments: the Ministry of Peace, 'which concerned itself with war,' the Ministry of Plenty, and the Ministry of Love, responsible for police functions. This last one 'was the really frightening one. There were no windows in it at all.' These are the arms of the monster in Orwell's modern horror story.*

¼Ò¼³(1984)Àº ¡°4¿ùÀÇ Ãä°í ¸¼Àº ³¯À̾ú°í ½Ã°è´Â ¿ÀÈÄ 1½Ã¸¦ Ä¡°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù¡±¶ó´Â Æò¹üÇÏÁö¸¸ ºÒ¾ÈÇÑ ¸»·Î¼­ ½ÃÀ۵ȴÙ. Áï ±× ¹®ÀåÀÇ ³¡Âë¿¡ °¡¼­ µ¶ÀÚ´Â ´Ù¸£°í(Á¤»óÀûÀÎ ¼¼°è¿Í´Â), ¾Æ¸¶µµ ¸Å¿ì À߸øµÇ¾î ¹ö¸°, ¾î¶² ¼¼°è·Î À̲ø·Á µé¾î°¡°Ô µÈ´Ù. µÎ ¹øÂ° ï½(Àý)Àº ¡°Çö°üÀº ²úÀÎ ¾ç¹èÃß¿Í ³°Àº ´©´õ±â ¸ÅÆ® ³¿»õ°¡ ³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù¡±¶ó´Â ¹®ÀåÀ¸·Î ½ÃÀ۵ȴÙ. ±×·¯°í ³ª¼­ ±× ï½ÀÇ ³¡¿¡ °¡¼­ ÁÖÀΰøÀÌ¡ªµÎ ¹øÀ̳ª ±×¶§¸¶´Ù 'Winston'À¸·Î È®ÀεǴµ¥¡ª¶æÀ» °­Á¶Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ¿øº»´ë·Î ´ë¹®ÀÚ·Î Á¦ÀÛµÈ 'BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU'¶ó´Â Ç¥¾î ¿·À» Áö³ª°¥ ¶§ ºÒ±æÇÑ ´À³¦ÀÌ(ÀÌ ¼Ò¼³ÀÇ) È®ÀεȴÙ.

¼Ò¼³(the book)ÀÇ Ã¹ ÆäÀÌÁöÀÇ ³¡¿¡ ¿À¸é ÀÛ°¡°¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» ¸»Çϱ⸦ ¿øÇÏ¸ç ±×°ÍÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô Ç¥Çö(say)ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡°¡ ºÐ¸íÇØÁø´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â °´°üÀû »ç½ÇÀº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ȤÀº Àû¾îµµ îïò±(ÀüÁö: ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» º¸°í ÀÖ´Â)ÀÇ ±¹°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ °´°üÀû »ç½ÇÀÌ ºÒ¹ýÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵǴ ¼¼°è¿¡·Î ¾È³»µÈ´Ù. Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ °¨½Ã°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ °¨½Ã´Â ¼Û¼ö½ÅÀ» µ¿½Ã¿¡ Çϰí Ê¥áÜ(°¡¼Ó)ÇÏ´Â ½ÉÀå¹Úµ¿±îÁö °¨ÁöÇÒ ¸¸Å­ ¹Î°¨ÇÑ 'telescreens'À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â »ç»ó°æÂû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¼öÇàµÈ´Ù. OrwellÀº ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ï³í­(ÀüÀÚ)Àû îïò±(ÀüÁö)±¹°¡¸¦ ¿¹°ßÇϸ鼭 ¾²°í ÀÖ´Ù. WinstonÀº ¾ÆÆÄÆ®ÀÇ Ã¢¹ÛÀ» ÀÀ½ÃÇϸ鼭 1km ¶³¾îÁø °÷¿¡ òØ×âàý(Áø¸®¼º) °Ç¹° À§¿¡ ¾î·ÅDzÀÌ º¸ÀÌ´Â ÓÚ(´ç)ÀÇ ¼¼ °³ÀÇ ½½·Î°ÇÀ» º¸°Ô µÈ´Ù.

ÀüÀïÀº ÆòÈ­ÀÌ´Ù
ÀÚÀ¯´Â ³ë¿¹ÀÇ ½Å¼¼ÀÌ´Ù
¹«½ÄÀÌ ÈûÀÌ´Ù

ÀúÀÚ´Â °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ Á¤ºÎ Ý»ô¥(ºÎó)¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ±â¼úÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù; ÀüÀï¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÏ´Â øÁûúàý(ÆòÈ­¼º)°ú dz¿ä¼º(¹°ÀÚÀÇ »ý»ê°ú º¸±ÞÀ» ´ã´çÇÏ´Â) ±×¸®°í °æÂû ±â´ÉÀ» ´ã´çÇÏ´Â äñï×àý(¾ÖÁ¤¼º)(¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ±â¼úÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù). ÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸· àýÀº ¡°Á¤¸»·Î ¹«½Ã¹«½ÃÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× ¾È¿¡´Â â¹®ÀÌ ÀüÇô ¾ø´Ù.¡± À̰͵éÀº OrwellÀÇ Çö´ë °øÆ÷¼Ò¼³¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â ±«¹°ÀÇ ÆÈµéÀÌ´Ù.
 

6-6-37
For Winston, as for the author, the most significant act in life is not to speak out or to be published, but simply to observe accurately the world around him. Collecting the facts is a revolutionary act. Insisting on the right to do so is perhaps the most subversive action possible. Underscoring the connection, Winston does this and then writes emphatically in his diary, 'DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER.' He is especially provoked by the party's insistence that only it could determine what was real and what was not. 'The party told you to reject the evidence of your eyes and ears,' he thinks at one point. 'It was their final, most essential command.' But Winston, dangerously, is beginning to think for himself, writing in his diary, 'Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. If that is granted, all else follows.'

ÀúÀÚ¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î Winston¿¡°Ô´Â Àλý¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ÇൿÀº °Å¸®³¦ ¾øÀÌ ¸»Çϰųª ÃâÆÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í ÁÖº¯ ¼¼°è¸¦ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô °üÂûÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç½ÇÀ» ¼öÁýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Çõ¸íÀû ÇൿÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â(possible) °¡Àå Å« ±¹°¡ ï´ÜÝ(Àüº¹) Ȱµ¿ÀÌ´Ù. ±× °ü·Ã¼º(»ç½ÇÀ» ¼öÁýÇÏ´Â ±Ç¸®¿Í Àüº¹È°µ¿ °£ÀÇ)À» °­Á¶Çϸ鼭 WinstonÀº ÀÌ·± Ȱµ¿(»ç½Ç¼öÁý±â·Ï)À» Çϰí Àϱ⿡´Ù ¡°´ëÇüÀ» ŸµµÇÏÀÚ¡±¸¦ °­ÇÑ ¾îÁ¶·Î(emphatically) ¾´´Ù. ±×´Â ´ç¸¸ÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÌ Áø½ÇÀÌ°í ¹«¾ùÀÌ Áø½ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´ÑÁö¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ´çÀÇ ÁÖÀå¿¡ Ưº°È÷ È­°¡ ³µ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ¾î´À ¼ø°£¿¡ ¡°´çÀº ³ÊÈñµéÀÌ ±Í·Î µè°í ´«À¸·Î º» Áõ°Å¸¦ °ÅºÎÇ϶ó°í ¸»Çß¾ú´Ù¡±¶ó´Â ¸»À» »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ¡°±×°ÍÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀÌ°í °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ¸í·ÉÀ̾úÁö.¡± ±×·¯³ª WinstonÀº À§ÇèÇϰԵµ ¡°ÀÚÀ¯´Â 2 Ç÷¯½º 2´Â 4¶ó°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚÀ¯ÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ±×·± ÀÚÀ¯°¡ Çã¿ëµÈ´Ù¸é ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ÀÚÀ¯µµ µû¶ó¿Â´Ù¡±¶ó°í ¾²¸é¼­ µ¶ÀÚÀûÀ¸·Î »ý°¢Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù.


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