*ÇØ¼³: Karl MarksÀÇ ¾Ç·ÉÀÌ ¹èȸÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù! |
Marx´Â °£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»Çؼ Á¾¸»·ÐÀÇ ÀÛ°¡¿´´Ù. Á¾¸»·ÐÀû °³³äÀº Ç×»ó MarxÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú°í Á¤Ä¡°æÁ¦ÇÐÀڷμ ±×´Â ¿äÇѰè½Ã·Ï ÃÖÈÄÀÇ ½ÉÆÇ¿¡¼Ã³·³ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀǰ¡ ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ Â¡¹úÀ» ¹Þ´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¿¹¾ðÀº °´°üÀûÀ¸·Î °ËÁõµÈ ÀÚ·á¿¡ ÀÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÁÖ°üÀûÀÌ°í °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¿¸Á°ú ãÌîÜ(½ÃÀû)ÀÎ »ó»ó¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¡°ÀÚº»·Ð¡±Àº »ç½ÇÀÇ °ËÁõ°ú °úÇÐÀû Ãß·ÐÀÇ °á°ú°¡ ¾Æ´Ï°í ¼øÀüÈ÷ ¸¶¸£Å©½º ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºñ¶Ô¾îÁø ¿¹¾ðÀÇ »ê¹°ÀÌ´Ù.
Marx´Â (1) °·ÂÇÑ ÀÚº»°¡ÀÇ ¼ö°¡ Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î °¨¼ÒÇϰí (2) ÀÌ¿¡ »óÀÀÇÏ¿© ºó°ï°ú ¾ÐÁ¦¿Í ³ë¿¹È¿Í Åð¶ô°ú ÂøÃëÀÇ ¾çÀÇ Áõ°¡¿Í (3) ³ëµ¿ÀÚ °è±ÞÀÇ ºÐ³ëÀÇ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ °È°¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿¹¾ðÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ 3°³ÀÇ ÈûÀº ÇÔ²² ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¸é¼ Á¾¸»·ÐÀû ´ëÀç¾ÓÀÇ Á¤Ä¡-°æÁ¦Àû ÆÄźÀ» °¡Á®¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ý»ê¼ö´ÜÀÇ ÁýÁßÈ¿Í ³ëµ¿ÀÇ »çȸȴ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀ» ½Î°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ²®Áú°ú´Â ¾ç¸³ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÁöÁ¡¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ²®ÁúÀº Æø¹ßÇÏ¿© »ê»êÀÌ Èð¾îÁ® ¹ö¸®°í ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ »çÀ¯Àç»ê±ÇÀÇ ðÀñ¤(Á¶Á¾)ÀÇ ¼Ò¸®°¡ µé¸± °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àç»êÀ» ÂøÃëÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀÌ Àç»êÀ» ¸ô¼ö´çÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ºÎ¸£Á־ưè±ÞÀ» ¼Ò¸ê½ÃŰ´Â Çõ¸íÀÌ ¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Çõ¸íÀº ÀηùÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Àç»ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼¸¸ °¡´ÉÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
À̸¦ À§Çؼ »çȸ°¡ ÇØÃ¼µÇ°í ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ°¡ ź»ýÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ´Â ¿ª»ç°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ¿ª»çÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢¿¡ ±¼Á¾ÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê°í ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ¿ª»ç¸¦ Á¾½Ä½ÃŰ´Â Àç»ýÀÇ ¼¼·ÂÀ̶ó µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ°¡ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ°¡ µÇ°í ±¸¼¼ÁÖ°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ÇǸ¦ ²ú°Ô ÇÏ´Â Á¾¸»·ÐÀû ¿¹¾ðÀÌ°í »çȸÁÖÀÇ ¿±¤ÀÚµéÀÇ È¥À» ¹ÌÄ¡°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̰í, ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ »ç¸Á°ú ½ÉÆÇÀÌ ´Ù°¡¿À°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ï±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶ó´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¸Å·ÂÀûÀΠȯ»óÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. Marx´Â Ãß·ÐÇÏ°í °è»êÇϱ⠺¸´Ù´Â ȯ»ó°ú Á÷°üÀ¸·Î ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ Á¾¸»À» ¿¹¾ðÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼ Á¡¼º°¡ÀÌ°í ¾Ç·É µé¸° ½ÃÀÎÀ̾ú´Ù°í ÇϰڴÙ.
Marx´Â 1848³â °ø»ê´ç ¼±¾ð¿¡¼ °ø»êÁÖÀÇ À¯·É(the specter of Communist)ÀÌ Àü À¯·´À» ¹èȸÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. À̰ÍÀº °ø»êÁÖÀǰ¡ ¸ÓÁö¾Ê¾Æ¼ À¯·´À» Áö¹èÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ûßåë(È£¾ð)ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. Áö½ÄÀÎÀÌ ¿¤¸®Æ®·Î¼ À屺ÀÌ µÇ°í ³ëµ¿ÀÚ´Â º¸º´À» Çü¼ºÇÏ¿© ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ õ±¹À» ÇâÇØ Áø±ºÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¡¼ Áö³ 100³â µ¿¾È °ø»êÁÖÀÇ ¾Ç·ÉÀº 1¾ï ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÀιÎÀ» ÀιÎÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î ÇлìÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸¹Àº ³ª¶ó¸¦ Áö¿ÁÀÇ Áý´Ü¼ö¿ë¼Ò·Î ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. Áö±Ý Çѱ¹¿¡¼´Â ¶§´Ê°Ô °ø»êÁÖÀÇ ºÓÀº ¾Ç·ÉÀÌ ¹æ¹æ°î°î¿¡¼ ¹èȸÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
35. ¡®Intellectuals¡¯: Karl Marks
Karl Marks: ¡®Howling Gigantic Curses¡¯
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Marx, in short, is an eschatological writer from the start. It is notable, for instance, that in the original draft of The German Ideology (1845-46) he included a passage strongly reminiscent of his poems, dealing with 'the Day of Judgement', 'when the reflections of burning cities are seen in the heavens . . . and when the "celestial harmonies" consist of the melodies of the Marseillaise and the Carmagnole, to the accompaniment of thundering cannon, while the guillotine beats time and the inflamed masses scream Ca ira, ca ira, and self-consciousness is hanged on the lamppost.' Then again, there are echoes of Oulanen in the Communist Manifesto, with the proletariat taking on the hero's mantle. The apocalyptic note of the poems again erupts in his horror-speech of 14 April 1856: 'History is the judge, its executioner the proletariat' ¡ªthe terror, the houses marked with the red cross, catastrophic metaphors, earthquakes, lava boiling up as the earth's crust cracks. The point is that Marx's concept of a Doomsday, whether in its lurid version or its eventually economic one, is an artistic not a scientific vision. It was always in Marx's mind, and as a political economist he worked backwards from it, seeking the evidence that made it inevitable, rather than forward to it, from objectively examined data. And of course it is the poetic element which gives Marx's historical projection its drama and its fascination to radical readers, who want to believe that the death and judgement of capitalism is coming. The poetic gift manifests itself intermittently in Marx's pages, producing some memorable passages. In the sense that he intuited rather than reasoned or calculated, Marx remained a poet to the end.
35. ¡°Áö½ÄÀΡ±: Ä«¸¦ ¸¶¸£Å©½º
Karl Marks: ¡®¾ÇÀ» ¾²´Â °Å´ëÇÑ ÀúÁֵ顯 by Æú Á¸½¼
Marx´Â °£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»Çؼ ¾ÖÃʺÎÅÍ Á¾¸»·ÐÀÇ ÀÛ°¡¿´´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î¼, ±×´Â ¡®µ¶ÀÏ °ü³ä·Ð¡¯ÀÇ ê«(¿ø)Ãʺ»¿¡¼ ¡®ÃÖÈÄÀÇ ½ÉÆÇ¡¯À» ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ´Â ±×ÀÇ ãÌ(½Ã)¸¦ °ÇÏ°Ô »ó±â½ÃŰ´Â ±¸ÀýÀ» Æ÷ÇÔ½ÃÄ×´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ ¸¸ÇÏ´Ù. ¡®±×¶§´Â (ÃÖÈÄÀÇ ½ÉÆÇÀÇ ³¯ÀÌ ¿À¸é ) ºÒŸ´Â µµ½ÃµéÀÇ ºÒºû(reflections)ÀÌ Çϴÿ¡¼ º¸¿©Áú °ÍÀÌ°í¡¦ ±×¸®°í ±×¶§´Â ´ÜµÎ´ë°¡ ¹ÚÀÚ¸¦ ¸ÂÃß°í ºÒ°°ÀÌ ÈïºÐÇÑ ±ºÁßµéÀÌ Ca ira, ca ira(ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸í°¡ ÈÄ·Å)¶ó°í ÇÔ¼ºÀ» Áö¸£°í ÀÚÀǽÄ(self-consciousness)À» °¡·Îµî À§¿¡ °É¾î ³õÀ» (Àüü ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ý°¢Àº ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹ö¸° ä) µ¿¾È¿¡ õµÕ °°Àº ´ëÆ÷ ¼Ò¸®¿¡ ¸ÂÃß¸ç ¡°Ãµ»óÀÇ ÈÀ½¡±Àº Marseillaise(ÇÁ¶û½º ±¹°¡)¿Í Carmagnole(ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸í°¡)·Î Æí¼ºµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡¯ ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ´Ù½Ã <°ø»ê´ç ¼±¾ð>¿¡µµ ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ°¡ ¿µ¿õÀÇ ¸ÁÅ並 °ÉÄ¡°í ÀÖ´Â Oulanen(Marx°¡ ¾´ µå¶ó¸¶)ÀÇ ÚãúÂ(¹ÝÇâ)ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ãÌÀÇ ÌöãÆÖâ(°è½Ã·Ï; apocalyptic)Àû °îÁ¶´Â 1856³â 4¿ù14ÀÏÀÇ ±×ÀÇ °øÆ÷ÀÇ ¿¬¼³¿¡¼µµ ´Ù½Ã ºÐÃâÇØ ³ª¿Â´Ù: ¡®¿ª»ç´Â ½ÉÆÇ°üÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿ª»çÀÇ ÁýÇàÀÚ´Â ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾ÆÀÌ´Ù.¡¯¡ª°øÆ÷, ºÓÀº ½ÊÀÚ°¡·Î Ç¥½ÃµÈ Áýµé, ÆÄ¸êÀûÀÎ ëßêç(ÀºÀ¯), ÁöÁø, Áö±¸ÀÇ ²®ÁúÀÌ ±ú¾îÁú ¶§ ²ú¾î¿À¸£´Â ¿ë¾Ï. MarxÀÇ ÃÖÈĽɯÇÀÏ °³³äÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ ºÒŸµíÀÌ ºÓÀº ¹öÀü(¿äÇѰè½Ã·Ï ±×´ë·Î)ÀÌµç ¾Æ´Ï¸é °æÁ¦Àû ¹öÀüÀÌµç ¿¹¼úÀû ºñÀüÀÌÁö °úÇÐÀû ºñÀüÀº ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿äÁ¡ÀÌ´Ù. ±× °³³äÀº Ç×»ó MarxÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú°í Á¤Ä¡°æÁ¦ÇÐÀڷμ ±×´Â ±×°Í(ÃÖÈÄÀÇ ½ÉÆÇ¿¡¼Ã³·³ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀǰ¡ ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ Â¡¹úÀ» ¹Þ´Â °Í)À» ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â Áõ°Å¸¦ ãÀ¸¸é¼ °´°üÀûÀ¸·Î °ËÁõµÈ ÀÚ·á¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±×°ÍÀ» ÇâÇØ ³ª¾Æ°¡±â º¸´Ù´Â µÚ·Î °¡¸é¼ ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. <±×°¡ °´°üÀû ÀڷḦ °¡Áö°í °ËÁõÇÏ¸é¼ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ¸ê¸Á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÁøÇàÇÏ¿´´õ¶ó¸é ±×´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ÃÖÈĽɯÇÀÇ À̳äÀÌ ¿À·ù¶ó´Â °á·Ð¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.> ±×¸®°í ¹°·Ð MarxÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹Ãø(projection)¿¡ µå¶ó¸¶¸¦ ÁÖ°í ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ »ç¸Á°ú ½ÉÆÇÀÌ ´Ù°¡¿À°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ï±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶ó´Â µ¶ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ȯ»óÀ» ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ±×°Í(ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ Á¾¸»·Ð)ÀÇ ãÌîÜ(½ÃÀû) ¿ä¼ÒÀÌ´Ù. ãÌîÜ Àç´ÉÀº MarxÀÇ ±Û¿¡ °£ÇæÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀ» µå·¯³»¸é¼ ¸î¸î ±â¾ïÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ åÞÏ£(¾î±¸)µéÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. õÏÖå(Ãß·Ð)ÇÏ°í °è»êÇϱ⠺¸´Ù´Â Á÷°üÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼ Marx´Â Á×À» ¶§±îÁö ½ÃÀÎÀ¸·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
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Thus far Marx's explanation of what was wrong with the world was a combination of student¡©cafe anti¡©Semitism and Rousseau. He broadened it into his mature philosophy over the next three years,1844-46, during which he decided that the evil element in society, the agents of the usurious money¡©power from which he revolted, were not just the Jews but the bourgeois class as a whole. To do this he made elaborate use of Hegel's dialectic. On the one hand, there was the money¡©power, wealth, capital, the instrument of the bourgeois class. On the other, there was the new redemptive force, the proletariat. The argument is expressed in strict Hegelian terms, using all the considerable resources of German philosophical jargon at its academic worst, though the underlying impulse is clearly moral and the ultimate vision (the apocalyptic crisis) is still poetic. Thus: the revolution is coming, which in Germany will be philosophic: 'A sphere which cannot emancipate itself without emancipating itself from all the other spheres, which is in short a total loss of humanity capable of redeeming itself only by a total redemption of humanity. This dissolution of society, as a particular class, is the proletariat. ' What Marx seems to be saying is that the proletariat, the class which is not a class, the dissolvent of class and classes, is a redemptive force which has no history, is not subject to historical laws and ultimately ends history - in itself, curiously enough, a very Jewish concept, the proletariat being the Messiah or redeemer. The revolution consists of two elements: 'the head of the emancipation is philosophy, its heart is the proletariat.' Thus the intellectuals would form the elite, the generals, the workers the foot-soldiers.
Áö±Ý±îÁö ¼¼»óÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô À߸øµÇ¾ú´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ MarxÀÇ ¼³¸í(ÇØ´ä)Àº ÇлýÄ«Æä¿¡¼ ¶°µµ´Â ¹ÝÀ¯´ëÁÖÀÇ¿Í RousseauÀÇ °áÇÕÀ̾ú´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½ 1844~1846 3³â°£ ±×´Â ¹ÝÀ¯´ëÁÖÀǸ¦ ¼º¼÷ÇÑ Ã¶ÇÐÀ¸·Î È®´ëÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ±× ±â°£µ¿¾È ±×´Â »çȸÀÇ »ç¾ÇÇÑ ¿ä¼Ò Áï ±×°¡ ¹Ý¹ßÇÑ, ÍÔ××(°í¸®)ÀÇ ÀÌÀÚ¸¦ ¹Þ´Â(usurious: °í¸®´ë±Ý¾÷ÀÇ) ÑÑÏí(±Ý±Ç)ÀÇ ÇàÀ§ÀÚµé(agents)Àº À¯´ëÀεé»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àü¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎ¸£Á־ưè±ÞÀ̶ó°í ÆÇÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±×´Â HegelÀÇ º¯Áõ¹ýÀ» Á¤±³ÇÏ°Ô ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÇÑÂÊ Æí¿¡´Â ±Ý±Ç°ú Àç»ê°ú ºÎ¸£Á־ưè±ÞÀÇ µµ±¸ÀÎ ÀÚº»ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ÂÊ¿¡´Â »õ·Î¿î ±¸¿øÀÇ (redemptive: ¼ÓÁËÇÏ´Â, ±¸¿øÀÇ, Àç»ýÀÇ) ¼¼·ÂÀÎ ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ºñ·Ï ±âÀú¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸¶À½ÀÇ Ãæµ¿Àº ºÐ¸íÈ÷ µµ´öÀûÀÌ°í ±Ã±ØÀû ºñÀü(Á¾¸»·ÐÀû À§±â)Àº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ãÌîÜÀÌÁö¸¸, µ¶ÀÏöÇÐÀÇ Çй®Àû ëßåÞ(Àº¾î:jargon)ÀÇ »ó´çÇÑ ÀÚ¿øÀ» Çй®Àû ÃÖ¾ÇÀÇ »óÅ·ΠÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¸é¼ ±× ÁÖÀåÀº ¾ö°ÝÇÑ HegelÀû ÀÔÀå¿¡¼ Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù. ±×·¡¼: Çõ¸íÀÌ ¿À°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, µ¶ÀÏ¿¡¼´Â öÇÐÀûÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù:¡®´Ù¸¥ õü·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÇØ¹æÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÇØ¹æÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â õü, À̰ÍÀº °£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»Çؼ ÀηùÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Àç»ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼¸¸ÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» Àç»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀηùÀÇ ÀüüÀû »ç¸Á¡¯À̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ »çȸÀÇ ºÐÇØ°¡ Ưº° °è±ÞÀ¸·Î¼ ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾ÆÀÌ´Ù. Marx°¡ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀº °è±ÞÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í °è±Þ°ú °è±ÞµéÀ» ³ìÀÌ´Â éÁð¥(¿ëÁ¦)ÀÎ ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ´Â ¿ª»ç°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ¿ª»çÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢¿¡ ±¼Á¾ÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê°í ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ¿ª»ç¸¦ Á¾½Ä½ÃŰ´Â Àç»ýÀÇ ¼¼·ÂÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù¡ª±× ÀÚü·Î¼´Â, ¸Å¿ì ±â¹¦ÇϰԵµ(curiously), ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ°¡ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ°¡ µÇ°í ±¸¼¼ÁÖ°¡ µÇ±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¸Å¿ì À¯´ë±³ÀûÀÎ °³³äÀÌ´Ù. Çõ¸íÀº µÎ °¡Áö ¿ä¼Ò·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù: ÇØ¹æÀÇ ¸Ó¸®´Â öÇÐÀ̰í ÇØ¹æÀÇ ½ÉÀåÀº ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ´Ù.¡¯ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ¼ Áö½ÄÀεéÀº ¿¤¸®Æ®·Î¼ À屺ÀÌ µÇ°í ³ëµ¿ÀÚ´Â º¸º´À» Çü¼ºÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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Marx, then, was unwilling either to investigate working conditions in industry himself or to learn from intelligent working men who had experienced them. Why should he? In all essentials, using the Hegelian dialectic, he had reached his conclusions about the fate of humanity by the late 1840s. All that remained was to find the facts to substantiate them, and these could be garnered from newspaper reports, government blue books and evidence collected by earlier writers, and all this material could be found in libraries. Why look further? The problem, as it appeared to Marx, was to find the right kind of facts: the facts that fitted. His method has been well summarized by the philosopher Karl Jaspers:
The style of Marx's writings is not that of the investigator. . . he does not quote examples or adduce facts which run counter to his own theory but only those which clearly support or confirm that which he considers the ultimate truth. The whole approach is one of vindication, not investigation, but it is a vindication of something proclaimed as the perfect truth with the conviction not of the scientist but of the believer.
In this sense, then, the 'facts' are not central to Marx's work; they are ancillary, buttressing conclusions already reached independently of them. Capital, the monument around which his life as a scholar revolved, should be seen, then, not as a scientific investigation of the nature of philosophy, a tract comparable to those of Carlyle or Ruskin. It is a huge and often incoherent sermon, an attack on the industrial process and the principle of ownership by a man who had conceived a powerful but essential irrational hatred for them.
±×¶§ Marx´Â »ê¾÷¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ³ëµ¿Á¶°ÇÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Á÷Á¢ Á¶»çÇϰųª ±×·± ³ëµ¿Á¶°ÇÀ» °æÇèÇÑ ¶È¶ÈÇÑ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹è¿ï ¶æÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×°¡ ¿Ö ±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¾ß Çϳª? ¸ðµç º»ÁúÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼, HegelÀÇ º¯Áõ¹ýÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© 1840³â´ë ¸»°æ¿¡ ±×´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ÀηùÀÇ ¿î¸í¿¡ °üÇØ¼ °á·Ð¿¡ µµ´ÞÇØ ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ³²Àº °ÍÀº ¸ðµÎ ±× °á·ÐÀ» ±¸Ã¼ÈÇÒ »ç½ÇµéÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú°í, ÀÌ »ç½ÇµéÀº ½Å¹®º¸µµ¿Í Á¤ºÎº¸°í¼(blue books: û¼)¿Í ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÀúÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ¼öÁýµÈ Áõ°Å·ÎºÎÅÍ È¹µæµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç Àç·á´Â µµ¼°ü¿¡¼ ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿Ö ´õÀÌ»ó ã¾Æº¼ °ÍÀΰ¡? Marx¿¡°Ôµµ ±×·¸°Ô º¸¿´´ø °°Àºµ¥, ¹®Á¦´Â ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ »ç½ÇÀ» ã¾Æ³»´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù: µü µé¾î¸Â´Â »ç½Ç(À» ã´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù). ±×ÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀº öÇÐÀÚ Karl Jaspers¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Àß ¿ä¾àµÇ¾ú´Ù:
〈MarxÀÇ ±Û ¾²´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ¿¬±¸ÀÚÀÇ ¹æ¹ý(that)ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ¡¦±×´Â »ç·Ê¸¦ ÀοëÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í ±×ÀÇ À̷п¡ ¹Ý´ë°¡ µÇ´Â »ç½ÇÀº çÓñû(¿¹Áõ)ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ±×°¡ ±Ã±ØÀû Áø¸®¶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÁöÁöÇϰųª È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â »ç½Ç¸¸ ¿¹ÁõÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀüüÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ý(approach)Àº ¿ËÈ£ÀÌÁö Á¶»ç°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú°í ±×°ÍÀº °úÇÐÀÚ°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ½Å¾ÓÀÎÀÇ È®½ÅÀ» °¡Áö°í ¿Ïº®ÇÑ Áø¸®¶ó°í ¼±Æ÷µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.〉
°Ô´Ù°¡(then), ÀÌ·± Àǹ̿¡¼ ¡®»ç½Çµé¡¯Àº MarxÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ Áß½ÉÀûÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù; »ç½ÇµéÀº ±×°Íµé°ú´Â °ü°è¾øÀÌ(independently of) ÀÌ¹Ì ³»¸° °á·ÐÀ» ¶°¹ÞÃÄÁÖ´Â ºÎ¼öÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ±×°¡ ÀÏ»ýµ¿¾È ±× ÁÖÀ§¸¦ ºùºù µ¹¾Ò´ø ±â³äžÀÎ ¡°Capital¡±(ÀÚº»·Ð)Àº öÇÐÀÇ º»Áú¿¡ °üÇÑ °úÇÐÀû ¿¬±¸(investigation)·Î, Carlyle ȤÀº RuskinÀÇ ¿¬±¸(investigation)¿Í ºñ±³ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿¬±¸·Î °£ÁֵǾ ¾È µÈ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº °Å´ëÇÏ°í °¡²û ºñ³í¸®ÀûÀÎ ¼³±³ÀÌ¸ç »ê¾÷Àû °úÁ¤(process)°ú ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀÇ ¿øÄ¢¿¡ ´ëÇØ, °·ÂÇÏÁö¸¸ ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ºñÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ Áõ¿À½ÉÀ» À×ÅÂÇÑ, ÇÑ »ç³»ÀÇ °ø°ÝÀÌ´Ù.
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Of Volume One, which was his work, only two chapters really matter, Chapter Eight, 'The Working Day', and Chapter Twenty-Four, towards the end of the second volume, 'Primary Accumulation', which includes the famous Section 7, 'Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation'. This is not a scientific analysis in any sense but a simple prophecy. There will be, Marx says, (1) 'a progressive diminution in the number of the capitalist magnets; (2) 'a corresponding increase in the mass of poverty, oppression, enslavement, degeneration and exploitation'; (3) 'a steady intensification of the wrath of the working class'. These three forces, working together, produce Hegelian crisis, or the politico-economic version of the poetic catastrophe he had imagined as a teenager: 'the centralization of the means of production and the socialization of labour reach a point where they prove incompatible with their capitalist husk. This bursts asunder. The knell of capitalist private property sounds. The expropriators are expropriated.' This is very exciting and has delighted generations of socialist zealots. It has no more claim to be a scientific projection than a astrologer's almanac.
±×ÀÇ ÀÛǰÀÎ 1±ÇÁß¿¡¼¡¦ 8Àå ¡®ÀÏÇÏ´Â ³¯¡¯°ú 2±ÇÀÇ ³¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â, À¯¸íÇÑ 7Àý ¡®ÀÚº»°¡ ÃàÀûÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû °æÇ⡯ÀÌ µé¾î ÀÖ´Â ¡®1Â÷ ÃàÀû¡¯ÀÇ 24Àå, ÀÌ µÎ À常ÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¾î¶² Àǹ̿¡¼µµ °úÇÐÀû ºÐ¼®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¿¹¾ðÀÌ´Ù. Marx´Â (1) °·ÂÇÑ ÀÚº»°¡ÀÇ ¼ö¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Á¡ÁøÀû °¨¼Ò¿Í (2) ÀÌ¿¡ »óÀÀÇÏ¿© ºó°ï°ú ¾ÐÁ¦¿Í ³ë¿¹È¿Í Åð¶ô°ú ÂøÃëÀÇ ¾ç¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Áõ°¡¿Í (3) ¡®³ëµ¿ÀÚ °è±ÞÀÇ ºÐ³ëÀÇ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ °È°¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ 3°³ÀÇ ÈûÀº ÇÔ²² ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¸é¼ HegelÀûÀÎ À§±â ȤÀº ±×°¡ 10´ë¿´À» ¶§¿¡ »ó»óÇÏ¿´´ø ãÌîÜÀÎ ´ëÀç¾ÓÀÇ Á¤Ä¡-°æÁ¦Àû ¹öÀüÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù: »ý»ê¼ö´ÜÀÇ ÁýÁßÈ¿Í ³ëµ¿ÀÇ »çȸȴ ±×µéÀ» ½Î°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ²®Áú°ú´Â ¾ç¸³ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÁöÁ¡¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ²®ÁúÀº Æø¹ßÇÏ¿© »ê»êÀÌ Èð¾îÁ® ¹ö¸°´Ù. ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ »çÀ¯Àç»ê±ÇÀÇ ðÀñ¤(Á¶Á¾)ÀÇ ¼Ò¸®°¡ µé¸°´Ù. Àç»êÀ» ¸ô¼öÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀÌ Àç»êÀ» ¸ô¼ö´çÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.¡¯ À̰ÍÀº ÇǸ¦ ²úÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ°í »çȸÁÖÀÇ ¿±¤ÀÚµéÀÇ ¼¼´ë¸¦ ±â»Ú°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº °úÇÐÀû ¿¹¾ðÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ̶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â Á¡¼º°¡ÀÇ ´Þ·ÂÀ̾ú´Ù.
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Chapter Eight(of Capital), 'The Working Day', does, by contrast, present itself as a factual analysis of the impact of capitalism on the lives of the British Proletariat; indeed it is the only part of Marx's work which actually deals with the workers, the ostensible subjects of his entire philosophy. It is therefore worth examining for its 'scientific' value. Since, as we have already noted, Marx only really looked for facts which fitted his preconceptions, and since this militates against all the principles of scientific method, the chapter has a radical weakness from the start. But did Marx, in addition to a tendentious selection of facts, also misrepresent or falsify them? That we must now consider.
What the chapter seeks to argue, and it is the core of Marx's moral case, is that capitalism by its very nature, involves the progressive and increasing exploitation of the workers; thus the more capital employed, the more the workers will be exploited, and it is the great moral evil which produces the final crisis. In order to justify this thesis scientifically, he has to prove that , (1) bad as conditions in pre-capitalist workshops were, they have become far worse under industrial capitalism; (2) granted the impersonal, implacable nature of capital, exploitation of workers rises to a crescendo in the most highly capitalized industries. Marx does not even attempt to do (1).*
ÀÌ¿Í ´ëÁ¶ÀûÀ¸·Î 8Àå ¡®ÀÏÇÏ´Â ³¯¡¯Àº ¿µ±¹ ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ °·ÂÇÑ ¿µÇâ(impact)À» »ç½Ç¿¡ ÀÔ°¢Çؼ ºÐ¼®ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áø½Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀº ±×ÀÇ Àüü öÇÐÀÇ Ç¥¸é»óÀÇ(ostensible)ÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦ÀÎ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀ» ½ÇÁ¦·Î Ãë±ÞÇÏ´Â MarxÀÇ ÀÛǰ(work)ÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀº ±×°ÍÀÇ ¡®°úÇÐÀû¡¯ °¡Ä¡¸¦ À§Çؼ °ËÁõÇØº¼ ¸¸ÇÑ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ÁÖ¸ñÇß´ø ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ Marx´Â ±×ÀÇ ¼±ÀÔ°ß¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ »ç½Ç¸¸À» ã¾Ò°í, À̰ÍÀº ¸ðµç °úÇÐÀû ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÀúÇØÇÏ´Â(militates: ¹æÇØÇÏ´Ù) °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡, ±× íñ(Àå)Àº óÀ½ºÎÅÍ Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ ¾àÁ¡À» °¡Áö°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Marx´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ÆíÇâÀûÀ¸·Î ¼±ÅÃÇßÀ» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ç½ÇÀ» À߸ø Àü´ÞÇϰųª Á¶ÀÛÇÏ¿´À»±î? ±× Á¡À» ¿ì¸®´Â Áö±Ý °í·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
±× Àå(8Àå)ÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇÏ·Á°í Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ±×ÀÇ µµ´öÀû ³»¿ë(case; ¹°°ÇÀ» ´ã´Â »óÀÚ)ÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀÌ µÇ´Âµ¥, ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±×°ÍÀÇ ¼º°Ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀ» Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ(increasing) ¼öÅ»ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ±×·¡¼ ÀÚº»ÀÌ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÉ¼ö·Ï, ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀº ¼öÅ»À» ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ´çÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í, ±×·¡¼ ÃÖÁ¾Àû À§±â¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î ³»´Â °ÍÀº ±×·± µµ´öÀû ¾ÇÀÌ´Ù.〈ÀÚº»ÁÖÀǶó´Â ¾ÇÀÌ À§±â¸¦ »ý»êÇÑ´Ù〉 ÀÌ ¸íÁ¦¸¦ °úÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤´çÈÇϱâ À§Çؼ ±×´Â (1) ÀÚº»°¡ ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÀÏÅÍÀÇ ±Ù·ÎÁ¶°ÇÀº ¿¾ÇÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ »ê¾÷ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇù»¿¡¼´Â ÈξÀ ´õ ¿¾ÇÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °Í; ÀÚº»ÀÇ ºñÀΰ£ÀûÀÌ°í ³ÃȤÇÑ(implacable) º»ÁúÀ» °¡Á¤ÇÑ´Ù¸é(granted=granted that=If it were granted that) °¡Àå ÍÔÓø(°íµµ)·Î ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÈ µÈ »ê¾÷±¹°¡¿¡¼´Â ³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ¼öÅ»ÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ´õ »ó½ÂÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» (to the crescendo)¸¦ Áõ¸íÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Marx´Â (1)Á¶Â÷µµ Áõ¸íÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
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The truth is, even the most superficial inquiry into Marx's use of evidence forces one to treat with scepticism everything he wrote which relies on factual data. He can never be trusted. The whole of the key Chapter Eight of Capital is a deliberate and systematic falsification to prove a thesis which an objective examination of the facts showed was untenable. His crimes against the truth fall under four heads. First, he uses out¡©of¡©date material because up¡©to¡©date material does not support his case. Second he selects certain industries, where conditions were particularly bad, as typical of capitalism. This cheat was particularly important to Marx because without it he would not really have had Chapter Eight at all. His thesis was that capitalism produces ever¡©worsen¡©ing conditions; the more capital employed, the more badly the workers had to be treated to secure adequate returns. The evidence he quotes at length to justify it comes almost entirely from small, inefficient, under¡©capitalized firms in archaic industries which in most cases were pre¡©capitalist - pottery, dressmaking, blacksmiths, baking, matches, wall paper, lace, for instance. In many of the specific cases he cites (e.g., baking) conditions were bad precisely because the firm had not been able to afford to introduce machinery, since it lacked capital. In effect, Marx is dealing with pre-capitalist conditions, and ignoring the truth which stared him in the face: the more capital, the less suffering. Where he does treat a modern highly-capitalized industry, he finds a dearth of evidence; thus, dealing with steel, he has to fall back on interpolated comments ('What cynical frankness!' 'What mealy¡©mouthed phraseology!'), and with railways he is driven to use yellowing clippings of old accidents ('fresh railway catastrophes'): it was necessary to his thesis that the accident rate per passenger mile travelled should be rising, whereas it was falling dramatically and by the time Capital was published railways were already becoming the safest mode of mass travel in world history.
Áø½ÇÀº MarxÀÇ Áõ°ÅÀ̿뿡 ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå ÇÇ»óÀûÀÎ Á¶»ç(inquiry)¸¸ ÇØµµ »ç½ÇÀû ÀÚ·á¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çؼ ±×°¡ ÁýÇÊÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÀǽÉÀ» °¡Áö°í º¸Áö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø°Ô ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â °áÄÚ ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¡®ÀÚº»·Ð¡¯ÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀÎ 8ÀåÀº »ç½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °´°üÀûÀÎ °ËÁõ¸¸ Çϸé ÀÌÄ¡¿¡ ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÇ´Â ¸íÁ¦(thesis)¸¦ Áõ¸íÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °íÀÇÀûÀ̰í ü°èÀûÀÎ Ñóðã(³¯Á¶)ÀÌ´Ù. Áø½Ç¿¡ ÚãÇÏ´Â ±×ÀÇ ¹üÁË´Â 4°³ÀÇ øöð¹(Ç¥Á¦)·Î ºÐ·ùµÈ´Ù. ù° ±×´Â ÃÖ½ÅÀÇ ÀÚ·á°¡ ±×ÀÇ ÒÕËà(³í°Å: case)¸¦ ÁöÁöÇØ ÁÖÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ½Ã´ë¿¡ µÚÁø ÀڷḦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. µÑ° ±×´Â ±Ù·ÎÁ¶°ÇÀÌ Æ¯º°È÷ ¿¾ÇÇÑ Æ¯Á¤ »ê¾÷À» ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ÀüÇüÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¼±ÅÃÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¼ÓÀÓ¼ö´Â Marx¿¡°Ô Ưº°È÷ Áß¿äÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥ ÀÌ ¼ÓÀÓ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ´Â 8ÀåÀ» ÀüÇô ¾µ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¸íÁ¦´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ´Â Ç×»ó ¾ÇȵǴ ³ëµ¿Á¶°ÇÀ» »ý»êÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ÀÚº»ÀÌ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÉ¼ö·Ï, ´õ ¸¹Àº ¼öÀÍÀ» ¾ò±â À§Çؼ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀº ´õ ³ª»Ú°Ô ´ë¿ìÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸íÁ¦¸¦ Á¤´çÈÇϱâ À§Çؼ ±×°¡ ±æ°Ô ÀοëÇÏ´Â Áõ°Å´Â °ÅÀÇ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ÀÌÀü ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ͯù¦(°ídz)ÀÇ »ê¾÷¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â, °ÅÀÇ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÛ°í ºñ´É·üÀûÀ̰í ÀÚº»ÀÌ ÃæºÐÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ È¸»ç¿¡¼ °¡Á®¿Ô´Ù-¿¹¸¦ µéÀÚ¸é µµÀÚ±â, ¾çÀç(dressmaking), ´ëÀå°£, Á¦»§, ¼º³É, ·¹À̽º (°°Àº °øÀåÀ̾ú´Ù). ±×°¡ ÀοëÇÏ´Â (¿¹¸¦ µé¾î Á¦»§) ¸¹Àº ƯÁ¤ÇÑ »ç·Ê¿¡¼´Â Á¤È®È÷ ¸»Çؼ ±× ȸ»çµéÀÌ ÀÚº»ÀÌ ºÎÁ·Çؼ ±â°è¸¦ µµÀÔÇÒ ¿©·ÂÀÌ ¾ø¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±Ù·ÎÁ¶°ÇÀÌ ¿¾ÇÇÏ¿´´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î, Marx´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ÀÌÀüÀÇ ±Ù·ÎÁ¶°ÇÀ» ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ°í ±×¸¦ Á¤¸éÀ¸·Î ÀÀ½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Â Áø¸®¸¦ ¹«½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù: ÀÚº»ÀÌ ¸¹À»¼ö·Ï °íÅëÀº ´õ Àû´Ù. ±×°¡ Çö´ëÀÇ °íµµ·Ï ÀÚº»ÈµÈ »ê¾÷À» Ãë±ÞÇÏ´Â °÷¿¡´Â ±×´Â Áõ°ÅÀÇ ºÎÁ·À» ¹ß°ßÇÑ´Ù: ±×·¡¼ ö°À» Ãë±ÞÇÒ ¶§´Â »ðÀÔ±¸ ³íÆò¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇØ¾ß (¡®¾ó¸¶³ª ³Ã¼ÒÀû ¼ÖÁ÷ÇÔÀΰ¡!¡¯ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸»ÁÖº¯ÀÌ ÁÁÀº ¸»¾¾Àΰ¡!)Çϰí öµµ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ±×´Â ÄÉÄɹ¬Àº(yellowing) öµµ»ç°í ½Å¹®º¸µµ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù( is driven to use): ±×ÀÇ ¸íÁ¦¸¦ À§Çؼ´Â ÁÖÇà ¿©°´°Å¸®´ç »ç°íºñÀ²ÀÌ ¿Ã¶ó°¡¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇʼöÀûÀ̾úÁö¸¸, ¹Ý´ë·Î »ç°íÀ²Àº ±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ¶³¾îÁö°í ÀÖ¾ú°í ¡°ÀÚº»·Ð¡±ÀÌ ÃâÆÇµÇ¾úÀ» ÁîÀ½¿¡´Â öµµ´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ¼¼°è ¿ª»ç»ó °¡Àå ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ´ëÁß¿©ÇàÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
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Thirdly using reports of the factory inspectorate, Marx quotes examples of bad conditions and ill¡©treatment of workers as though they were the inevitable norm of the system; in fact these were the responsibility of what the inspectors themselves call 'the fraudulent mill-owner', whom they were appointed to detect and prosecute and who was thus in the process of being eliminated. Fourthly the fact that Marx's main evidence came from this source, the inspectorate, betrays his biggest cheat of all. It was his thesis that capitalism was, by its nature, incorrigible and, further, that in the miseries it inflicted on the workers, the bourgeois State was its associate since the State, he wrote, 'is an executive committee for managing the affairs of the governing class as a whole'. But if that were true Parliament would never have passed the Factory Acts, nor the State enforced them. Virtually all Marx's facts, selectively deployed (and sometimes falsified) as they were, came from the efforts of the State (inspectors, courts, Justices of the Peace) to improve conditions, which necessarily involved exposing and punishing those responsible for bad ones. If the system had not been in the process of reforming itself, which by Marx's reasoning was impossible, Capital could not have been written. As he was unwilling to do any on¡©the¡©spot investigating himself, he was forced to rely precisely on the evidence of those, whom he designated 'the governing class', who were trying to put things right and to an increasing extent succeeding. Thus Marx had to distort his main source of evidence, or abandon his thesis. The book was, and is, structurally dishonest.
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