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Á¦¸ñ: ºÏÇÑ Á¤Ä¡¹ü¼ö¿ë¼Ò¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÚãÀηû¹üÁË¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ICC Á¦¼Ò´Â °¡´ÉÇѰ¡?

·Î¸¶Á¶¾à¿¡ µû¸¥ ±¹Á¦Çü»çÀçÆÇ¼Ò(International Criminal Court)ÀÇ ¼³¸³Àº Áý´Ü»ìÇØ, ÚãÀεµÀû ¹üÁË, ÀüÀï¹üÁË, ħ·«¹üÁË µî Àηù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÜȤÇÑ ¹üÁ˵éÀ» ÀúÁö¸¥ °³Àο¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¶»ç, ÀçÆÇ ¹× ó¹úÀ» °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó ÇöÀç±îÁö Äá°í, ¿ì°£´Ù, ¼ö´Ü, Áß¾Ó¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«°øÈ­±¹ µî 4°³±¹ÀÇ À뱂 °ü·Ã »ç·Ê°¡ µ¿ ÀçÆÇ¼Ò¿¡ Á¢¼öµÇ¾ú°í, ÀÌ Áß ¼¼ °Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¶»ç°¡ ÁøÇàÁßÀÌ´Ù.

ºÏÇÑÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ±¹Á¦»çȸ¿¡ Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ, °ø»ê»çȸÁÖÀÇ ±ººÎµ¶ÀçüÁ¦·Î¼­, öÀúÇÑ ±èÀϼº-±èÁ¤ÀÏ ºÎÀÚ ¿ì»óÈ­¸¦ ÅëÇØ ºÏÇÑ ÁÖ¹ÎÀÇ º¸ÆíÀû ÀÚÀ¯ ¹× Æòµî±ÇÀÌ À¯¸°µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â °÷ÀÌ´Ù. ƯÈ÷, Á¤Ä¡¹ü ¼ö¿ë¼Ò´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ¸¹Àº Å»ºÏÀÚµéÀÇ Áõ¾ð¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±× Á¸Àç¿Í ½Çü°¡ µå·¯³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. üÁ¦À¯Áö¸¦ À§ÇØ ¼ÒÀ§ ¡®¹Ýµ¿ºÐÀÚ¡¯·Î ÀǽÉÀÌ °¡¸é ´ç»çÀÚ ¹× ´ç»çÀÚÀÇ °¡Á·µé±îÁö °­Á¦ ¼ö¿ëµÇ¾î, Àΰ£ ÀÌÇÏÀÇ ´ë¿ì°¡ °¡ÇØÁö´Â ±×¾ß¸»·Î ÂüȤÇÑ, ±×·¯³ª öÀúÈ÷ °¨ÃçÁø ÀαÇÀ¯¸°ÀÇ ÇöÀåÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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1. ±¹Á¦Çü»çÀçÆÇ¼Ò(ICC)ÀÇ ¼º¸³ ¹è°æ

1998³â 7¿ù 17ÀÏ, 160°³±¹ÀÌ Âü°¡ÇÑ À¯¿£ ÃÑȸ¿¡¼­ ±¹Á¦Çü»çÀçÆÇ¼Ò(ICC) ¼³¸³À» À§ÇÑ ·Î¸¶±ÔÁ¤(The Rome Statue)ÀÌ Ã¤ÅõǾú´Ù. ¼¼°è ÃÖ°­´ë±¹ÀÎ ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ Ã³À½ºÎÅÍ ¹Ý´ëÀǻ縦 Ç¥¸íÇϸ鼭 ±¹Á¦Çü»çÀçÆÇ¼ÒÀÇ ¼³¸³ÀÌ ¼øÅºÄ¡ ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óÇßÁö¸¸, ±¹Á¦»çȸÀÇ Çù·Â°ú ³ë·ÂÀ¸·Î 2002³â 7¿ù 1ÀÏ ·Î¸¶±ÔÁ¤ÀÌ Á¤½ÄÀ¸·Î ¹ßÈ¿µÇ±â¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù.
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*±¹Á¦Çü»çÀçÆÇ¼Ò (ICC)
ÀüÀïÀ» ¸·À» ¼ö´Â ¾ø¾îµµ ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» °£°úÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ú´Ù´Â ±¹Á¦ »çȸÀÇ ÀÇÁö´Â ¿ª»ç»ó ÃÖÃÊÀÇ »ó¼³Àû ±¹Á¦Çü»çÀçÆÇ¼Ò(ICC) ¼³¸³À¸·Î ºñ·Î¼Ò ½ÇÇöµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ÀçÆÇ¼Ò´Â UNÀÇ ÁÖµµ·Î ¼³¸³µÇ¾úÁö¸¸ ±× ÀÚü°¡ µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ ±¹Á¦±â±¸·Î¼­ Ȱµ¿ÇÑ´Ù.
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ÀÌ ÀçÆÇ¼Ò´Â ´µ¸¥º£¸£Å©ÀÇ ¼±·Ê¸¦ µû¶ó °³Àθ¸À» ó¹úÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¾î¶°ÇÑ °³Àεµ ±× ±¹³»¹ýÀÌ ºÎ¿©ÇÑ ÁöÀ§¸¦ ÀÌÀ¯·Î Çü»çÃ¥ÀÓÀÇ ¸éÁ¦¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í, Á¤ºÎ³ª »ó°üÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇßÀ» »ÓÀ̶ó´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Îµµ ¸éÃ¥À» ÁÖÀåÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, °ø¼Ò½ÃÈ¿µµ ¾ø´Ù.

2. ICCÀÇ °üÇÒ ¹üÁË¿Í ÚãÀεµ ¹üÁ˸¦ ÅëÇÑ ºÏÇÑÀαǹ®Á¦¿¡ÀÇ Á¢±Ù

ICC ¼³¸³ÀÇ ±Ù°Å°¡ µÇ´Â ·Î¸¶Á¶¾à Á¦ 2ºÎ 6, 7, 8Á¶¿¡´Â µ¿ ÀçÆÇ¼Ò°¡ ´Ù·ç°Ô µÇ´Â ÁÖ¿ä ¹üÁ˰¡ ¸í½ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, Áý´Ü »ìÇØÁË(Crime of Genocide), Àεµ¿¡ ¹ÝÇÑ ÁË(Crime against Humanity), ÀüÀï ¹üÁË (War Crime), ħ·« ¹üÁË (Crime of Aggression) µîÀÌ´Ù. ´Ü, ħ·« ¹üÁË¿¡ °üÇØ¼­´Â ±× Á¤Àǰ¡ ¸íÈ®È÷ ³ª¿Í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê°í ÇâÈÄ Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ °ËÅ並 °ÅÃÄ Á¤ÀÇÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. À̸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ³ª¸ÓÁö ¼¼ °¡Áö ¹üÁË¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â °¢°¢ÀÇ ¹üÁË ±¸¼º ¿ä°ÇÀÌ ºñ±³Àû ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ³ª¿­µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¸¹Àº Ç׸ñ¿¡¼­ ¼­·Î ÁßøµÇ±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ¹Î°£ÀεéÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÑ »ìÀΰú ³ë¿¹È­, °­Á¦ ÀÌ¼Û ÇàÀ§´Â ÚãÀεµ ¹üÁË¿Í ÀüÀï¹üÁ˰¡ ÁßøµÇ´Â ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ÁöÁ¡À̰í, ÀÎÁ¾, ±¹¹Î, ¹ÎÁ·, Á¾±³ Áý´Ü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÚÇØ¿Í ¹Î°£Àο¡ ´ëÇÑ »ìÀÎ, Àý¸ê, °­Á¦ À̼Û, ±×¸®°í °­Á¦ Ó¨ðú µîÀº ÚãÀεµ ¹üÁË¿Í Á¦³ë»çÀÌµå ¹üÁ˰¡ ¼­·Î °ãÄ¡´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù.

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ÀüÀï ¹üÁËÀÇ °æ¿ì, ±¹Á¦Àû ȤÀº ±¹³»Àû ¹«·Â ¹ß¹ß ÇÏ¿¡ ±¹Á¦Àû °ü½À¹ý µî¿¡ ¾î±ß³ª´Â »ç·Ê¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹ýÀû Á¦ÀçÀÇ ±Ù°Å¸¦ ¸¶·ÃÇϰí ÀÖ°í, Áý´Ü »ìÇØ ¹üÁËÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â, ƯÁ¤ Áý´Ü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀǵµÀû »ìÇØ ÇàÀ§¸¦ °üÇÒÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÀüÀï ¹üÁË´Â ¡®ÀüÀÀ̶ó´Â Ư¼öÇÑ »óȲ ÇÏ¿¡¼­¸¸ ¼º¸³µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¦¾àÀÌ ÀÖ°í, Áý´Ü »ìÇØ ¹üÁË´Â ·Î¸¶ Á¶¾à Á¦ 6Á¶ÀÇ ïÒëù ¹× ¹Ð·Î¼ÎºñÄ¡ÀÇ Áý´Ü»ìÇØ ¹üÁËÇøÀÇ ÀÔÁõãÁ¿¡¼­ º¸¿©Áöµí, ƯÁ¤ ±¹¹Î, ÀÎÁ¾, ¹ÎÁ·, Á¾±³ ±×·ì¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÆÄ¸ê Àǵµ¸¦ Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Ññð¹·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù.

±×·¯³ª ÚãÀεµ ¹üÁËÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ±¹ÀûÀ̳ª µ¿¸Í¿¡ »ó°ü¾øÀÌ °³ÀÎÀÇ ÀαÇÀ» º¸È£ÇÏÀÚ´Â Àǵµ¿¡¼­ Á¤ÀǵǾú°í, ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ÀüÀï Àü¿¡ ¹ú¾îÁø ÇàÀ§¿Í ±¹³»¹ý»ó ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡¶óµµ ó¹úÇÒ ¼ö Àִٴ Ư¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÌ ¹üÁËÀÇ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ¼º¸³¿ä°ÇÀº ¡°Á¤ºÎ Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î¼­ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°íµµ ü°èÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â ¹üÁË¡±ÀÌ¸é µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ·Î¸¶Á¶¾àÀº ÚãÀεµ ¹üÁËÀÇ ¼º¸³Á¶°ÇÀ¸·Î Â÷º° Àǵµ(discriminatory motive) Áï, Á¤Ä¡Àû, Á¾±³Àû, ÀÎÁ¾Àû Â÷º° µî Àǵµ°¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ´ÜÁö ÚãÀεµ ¹üÁËÀÇ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ±¸¼º ÇàÀ§ Áß, ¡®¹ÚÇØ¡¯ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡¸¸ Â÷º°Àǵµ°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ ¹°À» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ÚãÀεµ ¹üÁËÀÇ ±â¼Ò¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ °í·Á»çÇ×À» °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ ÃÖ¼ÒÈ­Çϰí ÀÖÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.

ÀÌ·¸°Ô Ÿ ¹üÁË¿Í ºñ±³ÇØ º¼ ¶§, ÚãÀεµ ¹üÁË´Â »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ±× °üÇÒ ¹üÀ§°¡ Æ÷°ýÀûÀ̸ç, ±â¼Ò°¡ ºñ±³Àû ¼ö¿ùÇÏ°í °ø¼ÒÀ¯Áöµµ À¯¸®ÇÏ´Ù°í º¸¿©Áø´Ù. ÏÁ À¯°í½½¶óºñ¾Æ ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­µµ ¹Ð·Î¼¼ºñÄ¡¿Í ÇÙ½É Ãø±ÙµéÀ» ÚãÀεµ ¹üÁ˷θ¸ ó¹ú ÇÏ´À³Ä, ¾Æ´Ï¸é ÚãÀεµ ¹üÁË¿Í Á¦³ë»çÀÌµå ¹üÁ˷Πó¹úÇÏ´À³Ä°¡ °¡Àå Å« ÀïÁ¡ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´ø °ÍÀº À̸¦ ¹ÝÁõÇØ ÁÖ´Â ÁÁÀº ¿¹¶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
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<·Î¸¶±Ô¾à> Á¦7Á¶ Àεµ¿¡ ¹ÝÇÑ ÁË (Crimes against Humanity)
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¨ç ¹Î°£ÀÎ Áֹο¡ ´ëÇÑ °ø°Ý(attack directed against any civilian population): ·Î¸¶Á¶¾à 7Á¶ÀÇ º¸Á¶Á¶Ç× ¿¡´Â "¹Î°£ÀÎ Áֹο¡ ´ëÇÑ °ø°Ý"À̶ó ÇÔÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ °ø°ÝÀ» ÇàÇÏ·Á´Â ±¹°¡³ª Á¶Á÷ÀÇ Á¤Ã¥¿¡ µû¸£°Å³ª À̸¦ Á¶ÀåÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¹Î°£ÀÎ Áֹο¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Á¦1Ç׿¡ ±ÔÁ¤µÈ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ´Ù¼ö ¹üÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù¡±°í ³ª¿Í ÀÖ´Ù. À̸¦ ¿ä°Ç º°·Î ³ª´©¾î º¸¸é, ÀÏ´Ü, ¡®¹Î°£Àο¡ ´ëÇÑ¡¯ °ø°ÝÀ̸ç, ¡®°èȹ¼º¡¯ Áï ¡®±¹°¡³ª Á¶Á÷ÀÇ Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ ÀϺηΠÇàÇØÁø¡¯ °ø°ÝÀ̸ç, 1Ç׿¡ ±ÔÁ¤µÈ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ´Ù¼ö ¹üÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ÇàÀ§ Áï, ¾î´À Á¤µµ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¡®±Ô¸ð¡¯°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ø°ÝÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Á¤Ä¡¹ü ¼ö¿ë¼Ò ¼ö°¨ÀÚµéÀº ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ ¡®¹Î°£ÀΡ¯À¸·Î¼­, Åë»ó ±èÀϼº-±èÁ¤ÀÏ Ý«í­ ¿ì»óÈ­ ¹× üÁ¦ À¯Áö¿¡ ÚãÇÑ´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î ¼ö°¨µÇ¸ç, ´ç»çÀÚ»Ó ¾Æ´Ñ °¡Á·µé±îÁö ¿¬ÁÂÁ¦¿¡ ÀÇÇØ µ¿¹Ý ¼ö°¨µÈ´Ù. Áï, üÁ¦ À¯Áö¸¦ À§ÇÑ ±¹°¡ Â÷¿øÀÇ Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ ÀϺημ­ ¼ö°¨µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼ö°¨ÀÚµéÀÇ ¼ö¿ë¼Ò Áö¿ªÀ¸·ÎÀÇ °­Á¦ÀÌÁÖ, ºñÀΰ£ÀûÀÎ »ýȰȯ°æ, °í¹®, °­Á¦³ëµ¿, Àý¸ê°ú »ìÀÎ µîÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀÌ ½ÇÇàµÈ´Ù. Á¤¸®ÇØ º¸¸é, ¡®¹Î°£ÀÎ Áֹο¡ ´ëÇØ¡¯, ¡®±¹°¡³ª Á¶Á÷ÀÇ Á¤Ã¥¿¡ µû¸£°Å³ª À̸¦ Á¶ÀåÇϱâ À§ÇØ¡¯, ¡®»ìÀÎ, Àý¸ê, °í¹®¡¯ µî ÇàÀ§¸¦ ¹üÇÑ °ÍÀ̹ǷΠµ¿ ¿ä°ÇÀº ¸¸Á·µÈ´Ù.

¨è ±¤¹üÀ§Çϰųª ü°èÀûÀÎ °ø°ÝÀÇ ÀϺÎ(committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack): ÀÌ ¿ä°Ç¿¡¼­´Â ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ¡®±¤¹ü¼º¡¯°ú ¡®Ã¼°è¼º¡¯À» »ìÆìº¼ °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­ ¡®±¤¹ü¼º¡¯Àº »ó´çÇÑ ¼ýÀÚÀÇ Èñ»ýÀÚµéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ´ë±Ô¸ð °ø°ÝÀ̾î¾ß ÇÔÀ» ÀǹÌÇϰí, ¡®Ã¼°è¼º¡¯Àº ³ôÀº ¼öÁØÀÇ Á¶Á÷¼º°ú ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀûÀÎ ¸é¿¡¼­ÀÇ °èȹ¼ºÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù.
Àϰ¢¿¡¼­´Â, ±¤¹ü¼º°ú ü°è¼ºÀÇ ¿ä°ÇÀÌ ¡®µ¿½Ã¿¡¡¯ ¸¸Á·µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÎÁö, ¾Æ´Ï¸é µÑ Áß Çϳª¸¸ ¸¸Á·µÇ¾îµµ ±¦ÂúÀº °ÍÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³í¶õÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é µ¿½Ã ¸¸Á·µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ °æ¿ì ±â¼Ò°¡ ´õ¿í ±î´Ù·Ó±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ºÏÇÑÀÇ °æ¿ì ¿¡´Â ±¤¹ü¼º°ú ü°è¼ºÀ» µ¿½Ã¿¡ ã¾Æº¼ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ µ¿ ¿ä°ÇÀÇ Àû¿ë¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ¾î·Á¿òÀº ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ.
ºÏÇÑÀº îï±¹¹Î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãâ»ý ¼ººÐ ºÐ·ù ¹× ±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷ ¹× Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ ÀϺημ­ Á¤Ä¡¹ü ¼ö¿ë¼Ò¸¦ ¿î¿ëÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±¹°¡º¸À§ºÎ¿øµéÀ» ÅëÇÑ ºñÀεµÀû ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¸Å³â ¼ö¹é¿¡¼­ ¼öõ ¸íÀÇ ÀθíÀÌ Èñ»ýµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÅëÁ¦ ½Ã½ºÅÛ Àüü´Â üÁ¦ À¯Áö¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÇÙ½É ÀåÄ¡·Î ºÏÇÑ »çȸ Àüü¿¡ °ÉÃÄ Ã¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÇÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

¨é ÀνÄ(with knowledge of the attack:): ¿©±â¼­ ÀνÄÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀº, Àû¾îµµ ¾Õ¼­ ¸»ÇÑ ±¤¹üÀ§Çϰí ü°èÀûÀÎ ¹Î°£Àο¡ ´ëÇÑ °ø°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ Àû¾îµµ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾ú¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚ¸ø mens rueaÀÇ ÀÔÁõÀÌ ¾î·Á¿ï ¼öµµ Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÚãÀεµ ¹üÁËÀÇ ±¸¼º¿ä°Ç Áß °¡Àå ³í¶õÀÌ ÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ¾Õ¼­ ±â¼úÇÑ °ø°ÝÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀÌ ¡®¹Î°£Àο¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¤¹üÀ§Çϰųª ü°èÀûÀΡ¯ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹àÇôÁú °æ¿ì, ¿ÀÈ÷·Á °ø°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç½ÇÀÇ ÝÕìãò±°¡ ´õ¿í ´õ ÀÔÁõÇϱ⠾î·Á¿î ÀÏÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¾ÕÀÇ ¿ä°ÇµéÀÌ Áõ¸íµÉ °æ¿ì, ½º½º·Î Áõ¸íµÇ´Â ¿ä°ÇÀ¸·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
ºÏÇÑÀº üÁ¦ À¯Áö¸¦ À§ÇØ ÀÌ¿¡ ¹ÝÇϰųª, ¹ÝÇÑ´Ù°í ÆÇ´ÜµÈ-±¹°¡º¸À§ºÎ ȤÀº ±èÁ¤ÀÏÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ »óÀ§ ±Ç·ÂÀÌ ÀϹæÀûÀ¸·Î °áÁ¤ - Á¤Ä¡¹ü ó´ÜÀ̶ó´Â È®½ÇÇÑ ÀνÄÀ» °¡Áö°í ÇàÇÏ¿©Áø´Ù. ¡®Á¤Ä¡¹ü ¼ö¿ë¼Ò¡¯¿Í ±¹°¡º¸À§ºÎ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ Á¶Á÷ÀûÀÌ°íµµ ü°èÈ­µÈ ¡®ÚãÀηûÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡¹ü °ü¸®¡¯´Â ¸í¹éÈ÷ ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¡®»çÀüÀνġ¯ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

¨ê ÇàÀ§(any of the following acts)
·Î¸¶Á¶¾à Á¦ 7Á¶¿¡¼­´Â ÚãÀεµ ¹üÁËÀÇ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ½ÇÇà ÇàÀ§·Î¼­ »ìÇØ, Àý¸ê, ³ë¿¹È­, ÁÖ¹ÎÀÇ Ãß¹æ ¶Ç´Â °­Á¦ÀÌÁÖ, ±¹Á¦¹ýÀÇ ±Ùº»¿øÄ¢À» À§¹ÝÇÑ ±¸±Ý ¶Ç´Â ½ÅüÀû ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ½É°¢ÇÑ ¹ÚÅ», °í¹®, °­°£, ¼ºÀû ³ë¿¹È­, °­Á¦¸ÅÃá, °­Á¦ÀÓ½Å, °­Á¦ ºÒÀÓ ¶Ç´Â ÀÌ¿¡ »ó´çÇÏ´Â ±âŸ Áß´ëÇÑ ¼ºÆø·Â, Á¤Ä¡Àû, ÀÎÁ¾Àû, ±¹¹ÎÀû, ¹ÎÁ·Àû, ¹®È­Àû ¹× Á¾±³Àû »çÀ¯,¼ºº° µî¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Áý´Ü, ÁýÇÕü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÚÇØ, °­Á¦½ÇÁ¾, ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º° ¹üÁË, ½Åü ¶Ç´Â Á¤½ÅÀû, À°Ã¼Àû °Ç°­¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Áß´ëÇÑ °íÅëÀ̳ª ½É°¢ÇÑ ÇÇÇØ¸¦ °íÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ß±âÇÏ´Â À¯»çÇÑ ¼º°ÝÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ºñÀεµÀû ÇàÀ§ µîÀ» ±ÔÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Å»ºÏÀÚµéÀÇ Áõ¾ðÀ» Åä´ë·Î, »ìÀÎ(°í¹®¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ »ìÀÎ, °ø°³Ã³Çü µî), Àý¸ê(½Ä·® ¹× ÀǾàǰ Á¢±Ù ¹ÚÅ» ¹× ¿­¾ÇÇÑ »ýȰÁ¶°Ç), ÁÖ¹ÎÀÇ Ãß¹æ ¶Ç´Â °­Á¦ÀÌÁÖ(°­Ã¶È¯ÀÇ Á¶ºÎÀÇ »ç·Ê¿Í °°ÀÌ ¼ö°¨ Á¾·á ÈÄ¿¡µµ ¼ö°¨ÀÚµéÀº ¿ä´ö°ú °°Àº ÀÏÁ¤ Áö¿ª¿¡ °ÅÁÖ), °í¹®, ¹ÚÇØ(Á¤Ä¡Àû, Á¾±³Àû ÀÌÀ¯¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼ö°¨), »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °­Á¦½ÇÁ¾(»ç½Ç»ó, ¸ðµç Á¤Ä¡¹ü ¼ö¿ë¼Ò ¼ö°¨ÀÚÀÇ ¼ö°¨ »ç½Ç ¹× ¼ÒÀç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â öÀúÈ÷ Â÷´ÜµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½) µî °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç Ç׸ñÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀÌ ½ÇÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù.
¿ä¾àÇØ º¸¸é, ±èÁ¤ÀÏ È¤Àº ±× ÇϺΠÁ¤Ä¡Á¶Á÷ÀÇ Çã°¡, Áö¿ø ȤÀº ¹¬ÀÎÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ »ç¶÷µéÀ» üÆ÷, ±¸±Ý, À¯±«ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, À̵éÀ» ¹ýÀÇ º¸È£·ÎºÎÅÍ Àå±â°£ ¹èÁ¦½ÃŰ·Á´Â Àǵµ ÇÏ¿¡ Á¤Ä¡¹ü ¼ö¿ë¼Ò¿¡ ¼ö°¨½ÃÄ×°í, À̸¦ ÅëÇØ »ìÀÎ, Àý¸ê, °í¹®, ¹ÚÇØ µîÀÇ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ¹ÚÅ» »ç½ÇÀ» ºÒÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ À̵éÀÇ ¿î¸íÀ̳ª Çà¹æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¹Á¦»çȸÀÇ Á¤º¸¿ä±¸¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ÅÀýÇÏ¿´´Ù.

C. »óºÎÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ º¸À§ºÎ ¿ä¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³º°Àû ±â¼Ò °¡´É¼º

±¹°¡º¸À§ºÎ ¿ä¿øÀ» ±â¼ÒÇÒ ¶§ ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇ´Â °ÍÀº »óºÎÀÇ Áö½Ã¿¡ µû¸¥ º¹Á¾À¸·Î, ¾î´À ÂÊ¿¡ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ¹°¾î¾ß ÇÏ´À³Ä´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ·Î¸¶Á¶¾à ¡®Á¦33Á¶ »ó±ÞÀÚÀÇ ¸í·É°ú ¹ý·üÀÇ ±ÔÁ¤¡¯À» º¸¸é, ´ç»çÀÚ°¡ Á¤ºÎ ¶Ç´Â °ü·Ã »ó±ÞÀÚÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ µû¶ó¾ß ÇÒ ¹ýÀû Àǹ« ÇÏ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú°í, ÇÏ´Þ¹ÞÀº ¸í·ÉÀÌ ºÒ¹ýÀÓÀ» ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, µ¿ ¸í·ÉÀÌ ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ºÒ¹ýÀûÀÌÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´ø °æ¿ì¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â Çü»çÃ¥ÀÓÀ» ¸éÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 2Á¶¿¡¼­ Áý´Ü »ìÇØÁË¿Í Àεµ¿¡ ¹ÝÇÑ Á˸¦ ¹üÇϵµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ¸í·ÉÀº ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ºÒ¹ýÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ø¹Ú¾Æ µÎ°í ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ »óºÎÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ±¹°¡º¸À§ºÎ ¿ä¿øµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çü»çÃ¥ÀÓ ¸éÃ¥ »çÀ¯´Â ¾ø´Ù.

4. ICCÀÇ ¼ö»ç ¹× ±â¼Ò ÀýÂ÷

±¹Á¦Çü»çÀçÆÇ¼Ò¿¡¼­ ±â¼ÒÀÇ ÁÖü´Â ±ÔÁ¤´ç»ç±¹, À¯¿£¾Èº¸¸®, ICC °Ë»ç°¡ µÇ°í, Á÷±ÇÀ¸·Î ±â¼ÒÇÒ ½Ã¿¡´Â ICCÀÇ îñãûÝ»(Àü½ÉºÎ)(pre-trial chamber)ÀÇ »çÀü ½É»ç¸¦ ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¾î Àִµ¥, ±× ¼ö»ç ¹× ±â¼ÒÀÇ ÀýÂ÷´Â ·Î¸¶Á¶¾à Á¦ 5ºÎ¿¡¼­ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¡°¼ÒÃß°üÀº ÀçÆÇ¼Ò °üÇÒ ¹üÁË¿¡ °üÇÑ Á¤º¸¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿© µ¶ÀÚÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ö»ç¸¦ °³½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±¹°¡, ±¹Á¦¿¬ÇÕÀÇ ±â°ü, Á¤ºÎ ¶Ç´Â ºñÁ¤ºÎ ±â±¸, ¶Ç´Â ¼ÒÃß°üÀÌ ÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¹ÏÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ Ãâó·ÎºÎÅÍ Ãß°¡ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¼öÁýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡´Â ¼­¸é ¶Ç´Â ±¸µÎÀÇ Áõ¾ðÀ» Á¢¼öÇÏ´Â °Íµµ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ. ±âº»ÀûÀÎ Á¤º¸ ¼öÁýÀ» ÅëÇØ, ¼ÒÃß°üÀÌ ¼ö»ç¸¦ ÁøÇà½Ãų ¸¸ÇÑ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ±Ù°Å°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì, ¼öÁýµÈ ÁõºùÀÚ·á¿Í ÇÔ²² ¼ö»çÇã°¡¿äû¼­¸¦ Àü½ÉÀçÆÇºÎ¿¡ Á¦ÃâÇϸé, Àü½É ÀçÆÇºÎ°¡ ¼ö»ç Çã°¡¿äû¼­¿Í ÁõºùÀڷḦ °ËÅäÇÑ ÈÄ, ¼ö»ç¸¦ ÁøÇà½Ãų¸¸ÇÑ ÇÕ¸® ÀûÀÎ ±Ù°Å°¡ ÀÖ°í ´çÇØ »ç°ÇÀÌ ÀçÆÇ¼ÒÀÇ °üÇұǿ¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù°í ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì, µ¿ ÀçÆÇºÎ´Â ¼ö»çÀÇ °³½Ã¸¦ Çã°¡ÇÑ´Ù.¡± °í ³ª¿Í ÀÖ´Ù.
ÇöÀç ICC¿¡¼­ Á¢¼öµÈ »ç·Ê¸¦ º¸¸é, ±ÔÁ¤ ´ç»ç±¹¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¼¼ °Ç, À¯¿£ ¾Èº¸¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ÇÑ °ÇÀÌ´Ù. ·Î¸¶±ÔÁ¤ »ó¿¡´Â ¼ö»çÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀÌ ±ÔÁ¤ ´ç»ç±¹À̳ª À¯¿£ ¾Èº¸¸® »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ºñÁ¤ºÎ±â±¸³ª ½ÉÁö¾î´Â °³ÀÎÀÇ Á¤º¸¿¡ ÀÇÁöÇÏ¿©µµ ¼ÒÃß°üÀÌ »çÀü¼ö»ç¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÏ¿´À¸³ª, ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö ±×¿Í °°Àº »ç·Ê¸¦ ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ´Â, ´ÜÁ¤Áþ±â¿¡´Â ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ICC¿¡ÀÇ ±â¼Ò¸¦ À§Çؼ­´Â ±×¸¸Å­ ¡®±¹°¡¡¯ Â÷¿øÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ºÎÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
°üÇÒ±Ç ¹× °üÇÒ±Ç Çà»ç ¿ä°ÇÀ» º¸¸é, "¹üÁ˹߻ýÁö±¹" ¶Ç´Â "ÇǰíÀÎ ±¹Àû±¹"ÀÌ ±ÔÁ¤ ´ç»ç±¹ÀÎ °æ¿ì ÀÌÇØ°ü°è±¹ÀÇ µ¿ÀÇ ¿©ºÎ¿¡ °ü°è¾øÀÌ °üÇÒ±ÇÀÌ ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼º¸³µÈ´Ù. ´Ü, µ¿ ¹üÁË¿¡ ´ëÇØ °üÇÒ±ÇÀ» °¡Áö´Â ±¹°¡ÀÇ ±¹³»¹ý¿øÀÌ ¿ì¼±ÀûÀ¸·Î °üÇÒ±ÇÀ» °¡Áö¸ç, ÇØ´ç ±¹°¡°¡ ÇØ´ç¹üÁ˸¦ ó¸®ÇÒ ´É·Â ¶Ç´Â Àǻ簡 ¾ø´Â °æ¿ì¿¡ ÇÑÇÏ¿©, º¸Ã漺ÀÇ ¿øÄ¢¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ICC°¡ º¸ÃæÀûÀ¸·Î °üÇÒ±ÇÀ» Çà»çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹°·Ð, ÇØ´ç±¹°¡ÀÇ Ã³¸® ÀÇ»ç´Â ICC°¡ ÆÇ´ÜÇÒ ÀÏÀÌÁö¸¸, ºÏÇÑÀº ±èÁ¤ÀÏ µ¶ÀçüÁ¦·Î ºñ¹Ð¸®¿¡ ÀÚÇàµÇ¾î¿Â Á¤Ä¡¹ü ¼ö¿ë¼Ò ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î ó¸®ÇÒ Àǻ簡 ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÀÚ¸íÇÑ »ç½ÇÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ µ¿ ¹®Á¦´Â ICCÀÇ °üÇÒ±Ç ¾È¿¡ ÃæºÐÈ÷ µé¾î ¿Â´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

*°á·Ð

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[English Version]

ISSUE 5
Whether the ¡°Crimes against Humanity¡± committed in the North Korean political camps can be prosecuted in the International Criminal Court (ICC)?

Brief answer
Yes. Considering its jurisdictional inclusiveness and relative easiness in prosecution, among the four crimes governed by the ICC, the crimes against humanity will be the most highly plausible approach to deal with the North Korean human rights issue, especially, surrounding the political prison camps. It is summed up that the Kim Jeong-il¡¯s regime, while operating political prison camps by the National Security Agency, directed and executed such acts as forced labor, torture and murder widespread and systemically against civilians under the name of eradicating the possible destabilizing factors to its regime, which satisfies all the elements of crimes against humanity defined in the Article 7 of the Rome Statute.
Among the major three entities for prosecution in the ICC – the State Parties, the Security Council of the UN, the Chief prosecutor of the ICC, the Security Council of the UN will have difficulties to draw a consensus because of the adjusting of conflicting interests of each super power, especially, China. There is little possibility that North Korea will voluntarily engage in this issue, and also the South Korean government is unlikely to face this issue actively because it has already shown its scruple by abstention from voting to the bill of North Korean Human Rights Act in the UN a few times. One remaining solution could be the NGOs¡¯ networking to provide information to the Office of Prosecution in the ICC so that the Chief Prosecutor can directly initiate investigations with the approval of the Pre-trial chamber and proceed with prosecution process in the ICC.

Introduction
The establishment of the International Criminal Court by the Rome Statue opened the door for investigation, conviction, and punishment for individuals who commit crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression called the most heinous crimes. Since the foundation of the ICC it has been requested to investigate the crimes committed in Congo, Uganda, Sudan, and the Central African Republic. The investigation of three of them has been recently initiated by the ICC prosecutors.
North Korea has been already known in the world for its notorious communist regime because it has deprived its citizens of universal freedoms and liberty by the idolization of Il-Sung Kim and his son, Jung-Il Kim. In particular, the existence and reality of political camps in North Korea has begun to disclose through the testimonies of the North Korean defectors. According to their testimonies, once a person is suspected as anti-regime factor he/she, even including their families, are arrested and confined in political camps. Many experts on North Korean human rights assume that the prisoners there are treated as slaves, and therefore, the Republic of Korea has a duty to bring the suffering of hundreds of thousands of North Koreans in gulags and other prison camps to the international attention.

1. ICC and Its Historical Background
On July 17, 1998, representatives from approximately 160 nations met in Rome at the UN Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries and adopted the Rome Statute for the establishment of the International Criminal Court. Despite opposition of the United States , the superpower of the world, the Rome Statute entered into force on July 1, 2002.
The International Criminal Court is a ¡®permanent¡¯ international criminal court, designed to have jurisdiction over ¡®individuals¡¯ who violate international humanitarian law.

World War I, II
The first attempt to establish an international penal process arose after World War I in order to punish those who committed war crimes and crimes against humanity. However, international justice failed because of indifference of the western allies.

The Nuremberg Military Tribunal
Since the whole world including Europe as well as Asia and Africa experienced atrocities of World War II, the United States, Britain, France, and the Union Soviet signed the London Agreement for the establishment of the International Military Court. The ad hoc tribunal was set up at Nuremberg and war criminals were prosecuted according to the Charter of the Nuremberg Military Tribunal.
The Nuremberg indictment consisted of three counts: crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity .
It is interesting to note that the accused were not excused because they merely obeyed the instructions of their commanders. At the conclusion of the trial, the International Military Tribunal found nineteen individuals guilty, and twelve among them were sentenced to death and three to imprisonment for life.
The Nuremberg Tribunal is a milestone for development of international law because it ended the immunity for crimes against humanity and provided the principles and proceedings for prosecuting international crimes.

UN ad hoc Tribunal
After the Cold War, the international community witnessed heinous crimes against humanity called ¡®the ethnic cleansing¡¯ in Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The UN created ad hoc tribunals respectively at Netherlands and Tanzania in order to penalize those who had committed widespread and systemic acts of violence against civilians.
The two ad hoc tribunals addressed the need of the international community for a permanent international criminal court in order to bring to justice those individuals responsible for human rights violations.

The International Criminal Court
In 2002, the birth of the International Criminal Court, which is the first permanent international judicial organ that punishes individual perpetrators of international crimes, demonstrated the willingness of the international community to deal with international crimes, even if that would not effectively deter them. The court is an independent international institution itself, even though it was created under the UN.
The ICC has jurisdiction over four types of crimes: (1) genocide (2) crimes against humanity (3) war crimes and (4) crimes of aggression. However, it cannot exercise jurisdiction over crimes of aggression because the Statute has not yet defined it and its conditions under which the Court shall exercise jurisdiction with respect to this crime.
The ICC has jurisdiction only over ¡®natural persons¡¯ , not states, in compliance with the precedents of the Nuremberg Military Tribunal, and the Statute applies to all persons without distinction based on official capacity within their nations. And also, a perpetuator is not excused from being prosecuted by the fact that he/she just obeyed his/her superior authorities or government. There is no statute of limitations on those crimes.

2. The North Korean Human Rights and Crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC
The Article 5 of the Rome Statute prescribes the most serious crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court: crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes of aggression. With respect to crimes of aggression, once the crime is defined and the conditions under which the Court can exercise its jurisdiction are set out, the Court will be able to exercise jurisdiction over that crime. The Rome Statute describes and explains the elements of the other three crimes, and they overlap with each other. For example, crimes against humanity and war crimes have common elements such as murder, enslavement and deportation of population, and crimes against humanity and the crime of genocide have the same elements such as persecution against a national, ethnical, racial, or religious groups, murder, extermination, deportation of population and enforced disappearance of persons. A good example of that overlapping is that, at the International Criminal Tribunal in Yugoslavia, the most disputable issue was whether Slobodan Milosevic should be convicted of crimes against humanity or the crime of genocide.
The concept of crimes against humanity appeared for the first time in 1915, after the mass killings of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. After the World War II, the concept of crimes against humanity was defined and the Charter of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal provided:

murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated.

War crimes mean grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, or other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in international armed conflict within the established framework of international law.
The crime of genocide should be committed with intent to destroy a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.
Consequently, war crimes are limited to the crimes committed in the time of war. As for the crime of genocide a prosecutor must prove specific intent to destroy a national, ethnical, racial or religious group in whole or in part.
However, the very purpose of crimes against humanity is to protect human beings regardless of their national or other allegiance, and thus, it can be punished regardless of whether they are perpetrated in time of war or peace and regardless of a part of governmental policy. Under the Rome Statue, the crime must be committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack . Additionally, the Statue does not necessarily require discriminatory motive as the condition of crimes against humanity. Among the elements, discriminatory intent is required in persecution.
Therefore, crimes against humanity have two merits of jurisdictional inclusiveness and relative easiness in prosecution proceeding in comparison with the other two crimes.

Rome Statute Article 7 Crimes against humanity1. For the purpose of this Statute, "crime against humanity" means any of the following actswhen committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilianpopulation, with knowledge of the attack:(a) Murder(b) Extermination(c) Enslavement(d) Deportation or forcible transfer of population(e) Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation offundamental rules of international law(f) Torture(g) Rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization,or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity(h) Persecution against any identifiable group or collectivity on political, racial, national,ethnic, cultural, religious, gender as defined in paragraph 3, or other grounds that are universallyrecognized as impermissible under international law, in connection with any act referred to in thisparagraph or any crime within the jurisdiction of the Court(i) Enforced disappearance of persons(j) The crime of apartheid(k) Other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, orserious injury to body or to mental or physical health.

3. Cases of Political Camps (Based on defectors¡¯ testimonies)

Status of the North Korea¡¯s Political Camps
(NEED TO IDENTIFY DIRECT CITATIONS!!!)
Primitive prison-labor camps in North Korea initially were set up immediately after the World War II, for potential enemies of the revolution: landowners, collaborators with the Japanese occupation, religious leaders, and some family members of those individuals who went south after the Soviet/American division of the Korean peninsular. Following the Korean War, suspected collaborators with the American and South Korean forces were imprisoned. As Kim Il Sung consolidated the power, various factions of the Korean Workers¡¯ Party, the state bureaucracy, and the army officers were purged and imprisoned. Not only so, also imprisoned were various categories of people who did not fit into the Party¡¯s plan for the country, and those perceived as posing a threat to the regime should they remain in society. Included here were a large number of Japanese citizens of Korean ethnic descent whose families had been taken to Japan for forced labor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, during the Japanese occupation of Korea, but who returned to North Korea in the 1950s and 1960s. They were later deemed to have been spoiled by their exposure to Japanese liberalism and capitalist prosperity.
In the 1990s, imprisonment also befell some North Korean students and diplomats who had been studying or posted to the Soviet Union or Eastern Europe and had been exposed to the collapse of socialist rule. Also imprisoned were others who were perceived to be potential complainers and persons who purposely or inadvertently did not take proper care of photographs of the ¡°Great Leader,¡± Kim Il Sung, or the ¡°Dear Leader,¡±
Some South Korean experts posit that these camps also became places where un-repatriated South Korean prisoners of war were dumped after the Korean War, as were a much smaller number of South Korean POWs who were captured by the Viet Cong or North Vietnamese during the American-Vietnamese war and turned over by the Vietnamese to North Korea. Also believed to have been placed in the prison system were a larger number of South Koreans, including many fishermen, who were captured or abducted by North Korea over the years, and a smaller number of Japanese citizens who were abducted from Japan by North Korea for various reasons. More fundamentally, as North Korea adopted a three-tiered seongbun — a political/class structure — of ¡°loyal,¡± ¡°wavering,¡± and ¡°hostile¡± classes, and the entire population was registered into one of the categories, some of those classified within the ¡°hostile¡± subgroups are believed to have been imprisoned.
According to the defectors¡¯ testimonies regarding the status of camps and detaining areas, there are 8 kwan-li-so (Political Penal-Labor Colonies), 8 Kyo-hwa-so (Long-Term Prison-Labor Camps), 5 Do-jip-kyul-so (Provincial Detention Centers), 2 Ro-dong-dan-ryeon-dae (Labor-Training Camps), 13 prisons and detaining facilities.
According to Ali Lamada, with the release of whom the existence of political camps was disclosed to the world, there were some twenty other prison-labor camps holding, Lamada calculated, at that time roughly 150,000 prisoners altogether from 1967 to 19741967

Yoduk Kwan-li-so No.15 (Testimonies from Kang Chol-hwan, An Hyuk, Kim Tae-jin, Lee Yong-guk)
As stated before, the ¡®political camps¡¯ are called ¡®kwan-li-so.¡¯ The people imprisoned there are subjected to very inhumane treatment. Among them, Yodok is the most well-documented kwan-li-so in North Korea, because, in addition to having a lifetime-imprisonment ¡°total-control zone,¡± it also has a ¡°revolutionizing zone,¡± which operates more like the kyo-hwa-so prisons, described later in this report, in that prisoners can be released back into the larger society. The four former prisoners mentioned above were all in the ¡°revolutionizing zone.¡± Their accounts of Yodok cover almost all of the years from 1977 to 1999.
The official name of this political camp reads ¡°Border Patrol Unit 2915. It is located in Yodok-kun, in South Hamgyong Province. Yodok-kun30 contains twenty ri and five of which comprise Yodok. The whole encampment is surrounded by a barbed-wire fence measuring 3 to 4 meters in height. In some areas there are walls 2 to 3 meters tall topped with electrical wire. Along the fence there are watchtowers measuring 7 to 8 meters in in height, set at 1-kilometer intervals, and patrolled by 1,000 guards armed with automatic rifles and hand grenades.
During An Hyuk¡¯s year-and-a-half imprisonment, there were some 30,000 prisoners in the lifetime area, and 1,300 singles and 9,300 family members in the revolutionizing zone along with some 5,900 Koreans, including Kang¡¯s family, who had voluntarily repatriated from Japan but were later judged not to fit into the ¡°Kim Il Sung nation.¡±
According to Kang Chol Hwan, labor operations at the section of Yodok where he lived included a gypsum quarry and a re-opened gold mine (which was originally opened during the Japanese occupation of Korea), where some 800 men worked in groups of five. Assignments in these mines were considered the worst form of labor because of the frequency of work accidents there. The section for ethnic Koreans who had voluntarily repatriated from Japan also had textile plants a distillery for corn, acorn, and snake
brandy and a coppersmith workshop. The prisoners raised rabbits for the lining of soldiers¡¯winter coats, worked on agricultural teams, and were periodically organized to look for hardwoods and gather wild ginseng in the forest hillsides.
During Kang¡¯s ten-year imprisonment there were somewhere between 2,000 and 3,000 persons in his village, and about one hundred deaths per year from malnutrition and disease, particularly from severe diarrhea leading to dehydration. While Kang¡¯s was a family village, sexual contact between men and women was not allowed, as it was thought this could result in another generation of counter-revolutionaries. Such contact did occur, of course, but, with two exceptions in ten years, all pregnancies
were forcibly aborted. The involved men would be physically punished and the women would be humiliated by being compelled to recount their sexual encounters to the entire village.
Both areas within Yodok where Kang, Lee, An, and Kim were imprisoned, had public executions by hanging and shootings — and sometimes worse — for prisoners who had tried to escape or who had been caught ¡°stealing¡± food. Lee witnessed one public killing of an attempted escapee, HAHN Seung Chul, who was tied and dragged behind a car in front of the assembled prisoners until dead, after which
time the other prisoners were required to pass by and place their hands on his bloodied corpse. Another prisoner, AHN Sung Eun, shouted out against this atrocity, and he was immediately shot to death. Kim witnessed a public execution by firing squad after which the assembled prisoners were required to pass by and throw a stone at the corpse still slumped and hanging from the post to which the victim had been tied. Several women prisoners fainted as they were pressed to further mutilate the corpse. Kang witnessed
some fifteen executions during his ten years at the area where he was imprisoned.

Application of the Crimes against Humanity
First we need to examine how the Rome Statue Article 7 defines the elements of the Crimes against Humanity. Four major unique aspects can be drawn: the absence of a requirement of relevance to an armed conflict, (2) the absence of a requirement of a discriminatory motive, (3) the "widespread or systematic attack" criterion, and (4) the element of mens rea.
The brief summary of the elements of the Crime is below.

¨ç Object of the Crime: civilians¨è Method: conducted as a part of widespread or systemic attack¨é Mens rea: awareness of the attack or risk¨ê Acts: murder, extermination, torture and others enumerated in the Article

The result of the fact-application for each element is as follows.

¨ç Attack directed against any civilian population: the Article 7 paragraph 2 regulates the term "Attack directed against any civilian population" as meaning a course of conduct involving the multiple commission of acts referred to in paragraph 1 against any civilian population, pursuant to or in furtherance of a State or organizational policy to commit such attack. We can divide it into three sub-elements: the object of the attack, the element of scale and the element of planning or directing. That is, the attack should be the one conducted onto civilians as a part of national or organizational policies with plan and a certain level of scale.
The prisoners of the political camps are mostly civilians. The common reason of imprisonment is that they are suspected to be against the North Korean regime, or they are deemed as not fitting for the kingdom of Kim Il Song and Kim Jong Il. There are even many ¡®innocent¡¯ family members imprisoned by the philosophy of collective responsibility and guilt by association. Likewise, their imprisonment is a part of national policy to stabilize the regime. The prisoners are subjected to all the violations enumerated in the Article 7 such as forced deportation to the imprisoned area, inhumane life environment, torture, forced labor, extermination and murder and so forth. To sum up, the attack is directed against civilian population in line with the national policy in the form of political camps. And the attack includes murder, extermination and torture and other inhumane acts mentioned in the Statute. Thus, this element is satisfied.

¨è Committed as a part of a widespread or systematic attack: this element requires examination of two distinctive notions of the attack: widespread and systemic. The term "widespread" requires large-scale action involving a substantial number of victims, whereas the term "systematic" requires a high degree of orchestration and methodical planning.
There is some controversy on whether these two aspects of the attack should be disjunctive or conjunctive in order to satisfy the element of the Crime against Humanity. And if it is conjunctive, it is much less likely that prosecution will be successful. However, here in case of North Korea¡¯s political camps, it is not likely to cause difficulties in the application of the fact because those two aspects of the attack are clearly found.
North Korea¡¯s adoption of a three-tiered seongbun — a political/class structure — system and operation of the political camps as a part of national policy sacrifices from hundreds to thousands of victims to be tortured and killed every year, which constitute the standard of being widespread. And also, this whole system of political camps has been the core mechanism to control over its people and to stabilize the regime.

¨é With knowledge of the attack: the definition in the ICC statute confirms that the accused, while not necessarily responsible for the overarching attack against the civilian population, must at least be aware of the attack. It does not require a sort of high level of intent to destroy specific group or people as it does in the Crime of Genocide. Since it is difficult to prove mens rea, this element could be attacked in different ways. However, the overarching argument about this possible controversy can be solved by the definition found in the Statute itself. That is, if the aspect of the attack is proved to be widespread or systemic, subsequently the awareness of the risk or attack will be a natural precedence. The possible contention that there was no awareness of the risk where the attack is widespread or systemic will be harder to prove. Thus, this could be mentioned as a self-proving element following the satisfaction of the previous element regarding the aspects of the attack.
In North Korea, Kim Jong Il is at the center of all the national organization including the National Security Agency which controls the political camps. And the imprisonment of, so called, the political prisoners is executed by the order or decision from the superior officer in the NSA. At least the agents and KJI should be aware of how the political camps operate in terms of treating the people who are imprisoned. In other words, a system to control the people by the highly-orchestrated establishment and operation of political camps is not possible to exist without intent to do so.

¨ê Any of the following acts
The ICC Statute Article 7 comes up with many details in terms of the a course of conducts which constitute the Crimes against Humanity: murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation or forcible transfer of population, imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of fundamental rules of international law, torture, rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity, persecution against any identifiable group or collectivity on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender, enforced disappearance of persons, the crime of apartheid, and other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health.
Based on the accumulated testimonies of the defectors from North Korea, most of the items mentioned in this Statute were committed: murder (killing by torture, public execution etc.), extermination (intentional deprivation of food and medicine, devastating environment), deportation or forcible transfer of population (like the example of the grandfather of Kang Chol-hwan, prisoners usually face a sudden forcible deportation without explanation or notice and after their release, they are restricted to live in the designated area), torture, persecution (imprisonment by political and religious reason), enforced disappearance of persons (in fact, the information about the location of the prisoners is hidden).

C. Prosecution of each member of the NSA, who obeyed the orders from Superiors
In prosecuting the agents of the NSA, it could be a question whether those who committed the crime only by the order from superiors are liable for their actions. According to the Article 33, Superior orders and prescription of law, the fact that a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court has been committed by a person pursuant to an order of a Government or of a superior, whether military or civilian, shall not relieve that person of criminal responsibility. But more clearly the second paragraph of this article says that orders to commit genocide or crimes against humanity are manifestly unlawful. Thus, they are not free from their guilt and so, the persecution of them is possible.

4. Investigation and Prosecution in the ICC
The main parties which are able to prosecute in the ICC, are State Parties, the United Nations Security Council and the ICC Prosecutors¡¯ office. In case of direct prosecution by the ICC prosecutor, it should be going through the evaluating process by the pre-trial chamber. The details of the investigation and prosecution are dealt in Part 5 in the Rome Statute: ¡°The Prosecutor may initiate investigations proprio motu on the basis of information on crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court. The Prosecutor shall analyze the seriousness of the information received. For this purpose, he or she may seek additional information from States, organs of the United Nations, intergovernmental or non-governmental organizations, or other reliable sources that he or she deems appropriate, and may receive written or oral testimony at the seat of the Court. If the Prosecutor concludes that there is a reasonable basis to proceed with an investigation, he or she shall submit to the Pre-Trial Chamber a request for authorization of an investigation, together with any supporting material collected. Victims may make representations to the Pre-Trial Chamber, in accordance with the Rules of Procedure and Evidence. And if the Pre-Trial Chamber, upon examination of the request and the supporting material, considers that there is a reasonable basis to proceed with an investigation, and that the case appears to fall within the jurisdiction of the Court, it shall authorize the commencement of the investigation, without prejudice to subsequent determinations by the Court with regard to the jurisdiction and admissibility of a case.¡±
Among the cases, so far referred to the Office of the Prosecutors in the ICC, three cases were administered by State Parties and one situation was referred by the United Nations Security Council. Even though the Rome Statute enables the Prosecutor to initiate the investigation and prosecution depending on the information provided by NGOs and even individuals, there is none. This could mean, not conclusively though, that the role of each State Party is relatively more significant than that of other entity like organizations or individuals.
In the exercise of jurisdiction, the court will have an automatic jurisdiction over the the State on the territory of which the conduct in question occurred or, the State of which the person accused of the crime is a national without the approval of the State. Even though the national court has the first jurisdiction over the matters in question and if the nation itself has no willingness or ability to deal with, the jurisdiction will be hand over to the ICC.

Conclusion
The issue of the political camps is central to the North Korea¡¯s human rights question. In summary it can be said that the Kim Jeong-Il¡¯s regime directed and executed a course of actions such as forced labor, torture and murder widespread and systemically against civilians with the knowledge of doing such attacks under the name of eradicating the possible destabilizing factors to its regime while operating political prison camps by the National Security Agency, which satisfy all the elements of crimes against humanity defined in the Article 7 of the Rome Statute.
The closed communist regime has knowingly and willfully starved out approximately 3,000,000 people under the name of idolizing KIM Il-Sung and Kim Jung-Il Kim. Political camps are just a tool for torture and killings to maintain the regime.
Korean government recently expressed its unwillingness to engage in the North Korea¡¯s human rights issue by abstention from the voting for the North Korea Human Right Bill at the UN. There could be plausible excuses of doing so to consider the future benefit. However, thousands of innocent North Koreans are still suffering from the inhumane acts committed by their leader. This vague and irresponsible stance of South Korea will be criticized by international community and also it is a clear violation against the ideology of the establishment of the ICC.
It is certain that the peace in the Korean Peninsula cannot be achieved without mutual cooperation between the two Koreas. As the openness of the international society further grows, North Korea inevitably will be engaged in the international society by certain types of pressure such as entering into international treaties or coming to the negotiation table like 6 party talks. So it will be one of the good solutions that North Korea and South Korea will prepare for the safety zone for peace in the protection of the ICC. Therefore, ¡®political camps¡¯ issue should be solved for us to achieve it.

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