西海 NLL(북방한계선)에서, 그리고 초계정에서 근무한 적이 있는 海軍장교 출신들은 "북한의 半잠수정이 天安艦에 접근, 어뢰를 쏘았을 가능성이 가장 높다"고 입을 모았다.

이들의 견해를 종합하면 이렇다.

1. 생존자들이 증언한 "대폭발과 함께 배가 들렸다가 내려앉으면서 두 동강 났다"는 게 전형적인 어뢰 피격 상황 묘사이다. 우리나라에서 어뢰를 개발하여 시험한 결과도 그런 현상으로 나타났다.

2. 半잠수정은 水深 20m의 얕은 바다에서 작전한다. 지름 50cm 정도의 경어뢰를 싣고 다닌다. 초계정의 음향탐지기로는 이를 잡아내기 힘들다. 백령도 近海는 潮流가 급하게 흘러 바다속이 시끄럽다. 海水層의 염도, 온도차가 심하여 音波 탐지가 어렵다. 半잠수정이 접근하여도 소음과 섞여 식별하기가 쉽지 않다.

3. 천안함 침몰 海域이 북한 半잠수정이 침투하기 좋은 길목이다.

4. 기름탱크 폭발, 艦內의 포탄 폭발에 의한 침몰 가능성은 제로이다. 2002년 6월 참수리호가 북한 함정으로부터 피격당하여 敵의 포탄이 참수리호의 포탄창고 근처까지 도달하였지만 폭발은 없었다. 기름탱크가 폭발해도 화재가 발생하지 배가 순식간에 두 동강 나는 일은 절대로 없다.

5. 김학송 의원이란 자가 말한 바, 6.25 때 부설한 기뢰에 부딪쳤을 가능성은 全無하고 그런 주장은 '헛소리'이다. 이 海域에서 지난 57년간 기뢰 사고는 한 건도 일어나지 않았다. 기뢰는 바닷물에 오래 잠겨 있으면 작동하지 않는다. 바닷가에 세워놓은 차에서 고장이 잘 나는 경우와 같다.

6. 북한군은 치밀하게 준비하고 훈련한 뒤 이런 도발을 하였을 것이다.

7. 어차피 이 사고는 진실을 은폐할 수가 없게 되어 있다.
.............................................................................

Russian submarine Kursk explosion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Wreck of Russian submarine K-141 Kursk in a dockOn 12 August 2000, the Russian Oscar II class submarine Kursk sank in the Barents Sea. The generally accepted theory is that a leak of hydrogen peroxide in the forward torpedo room led to the detonation of a torpedo warhead, which in turn triggered the explosion of up to seven other warheads about two minutes later. This second explosion was equivalent to about 2-3 tonnes of TNT[1] and was large enough to register on seismographs across Northern Europe.[2][3] However, alternative theories have been proposed.

Despite a rescue attempt by British and Norwegian teams which was severely delayed due to the Russians refusing them access, all 118 sailors and officers aboard Kursk died. A Dutch team later recovered the wreckage and all of the bodies, which were buried in Russia.[1]

Contents [hide]
1 The explosion
2 Rescue attempts
3 Russian government response
3.1 Collision theory
4 Salvage
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links


[edit] The explosion

Omsk, an Oscar II class submarine similar to KurskOn the morning of 12 August 2000, as part of a naval exercise, Kursk was to fire two dummy torpedoes at a Kirov-class battlecruiser, Pyotr Velikiy, the flagship of the Northern Fleet. At 11:29 local time (07:29:50 UTC),[1] the VA-111 Shkval torpedo was loaded into the torpedo tube number 4. High test peroxide (HTP), a form of highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide used as propellant for the torpedo rocket engine, leaked through bad welds in the tubing into the torpedo and catalytically decomposed on the metals and oxides present there, yielding steam and oxygen. The resulting overpressure ruptured the kerosene tank, resulting in a chemical explosion, causing a weak seismic signature detected hundreds of kilometers away.[4] A similar incident was responsible for the loss of HMS Sidon in 1955.

Recovered remains of the torpedo later allowed pinpointing the first explosion into the middle part of the torpedo. According to the maintenance records, the dummy torpedoes, manufactured in 1990s, never had their welds checked it was considered unnecessary as they did not carry a warhead.

The explosive reaction of 1.5 tons of concentrated hydrogen peroxide and 500 kg of kerosene blew off the torpedo tube cover and the internal tube door. (The torpedo tube cover was later found on the seabed and its position relative to the rest of the submarine served as evidence of this version of the event.) The tube door, which should be capable of resisting such explosion, was not properly closed the electrical connectors between the torpedoes and the tube doors were unreliable and often required repeated reclosing of the door before a contact was established, so it is likely that at the moment of explosion the door was not fully closed. The blast entered the front compartment, probably killing all seven men there. The bulkhead should have arrested the blast wave, but it was penetrated by a light air conditioning channel which allowed passage of the blast wave, fire and toxic smoke into the second and perhaps third and fourth compartments, injuring or disorienting the 36 men in the command post located in the second compartment and preventing initiating the emergency blowout and resurfacing the submarine. Additionally, an emergency buoy, designed to release from a submarine automatically when emergency conditions such as rapidly changing pressure or fire are detected and intended to help rescuers locate the stricken vessel, did not deploy. The previous summer, in a Mediterranean mission, fears of the buoy accidentally deploying, and thereby revealing the submarine's position to the U.S. fleet, had led to the buoy being disabled.

Two minutes and fifteen seconds after the initial eruption, a much larger explosion ripped through the submarine. Seismic data from stations across Northern Europe show that the explosion occurred at the same depth as the sea bed, suggesting that the submarine had collided with the sea floor which, combined with rising temperatures due to the initial explosion, had caused other torpedoes to explode. The second explosion was equivalent to 2-3 tons of TNT, or about 5-7 torpedo warheads, and measured 4.2 on the Richter scale. Acoustic data from Pyotr Veliky indicated an explosion of about 7 torpedo warheads in a rapid succession.[5]

The second explosion ripped a 2-square-metre (22 sq ft) hole in the hull of the craft, which was designed to withstand depths of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). The explosion also ripped open the third and fourth compartments. Water poured into these compartments at 90,000 litres (3,200 cu ft) per second – killing all those in the compartments, including five officers from 7th SSGN Division Headquarters. The fifth compartment contained the ship's nuclear reactors, encased in a further 13 centimetres (5.1 in) of steel. The bulkheads of the fifth compartment withstood the explosion allowing the two nuclear reactors, which were resiliently mounted to absorb shock in excess of 50g, to automatically shut down preventing nuclear meltdown or contamination.[1]

Later forensic examination of two of the recovered reactor control room casualties showed extensive skeleton injuries indicating they had sustained shocks of just over 50g during the explosions. This shock would have temporarily disoriented the reactor control operators, and possibly the other sailors.[1]

Twenty-three men working in the sixth through ninth compartments survived the two blasts. They gathered in the ninth compartment, which contained the secondary escape tunnel (the primary tunnel was in the destroyed second compartment). Captain-lieutenant Dmitri Kolesnikov (one of three officers of that rank surviving) appears to have taken charge, writing down the names of those who were in the ninth compartment. The air pressure in the compartment following the second explosion was still normal surface pressure. Thus it would be possible from a physiological point of view to use the escape hatch to leave the submarine one man at a time, swimming up through 100 metres (330 ft) of Arctic water in a survival suit, to await help floating at the surface. It is not known if the escape hatch was workable from the inside opinions still differ about how badly the hatch was damaged. However it is likely that the men rejected using the perilous escape hatch even if it was operable. They may have preferred instead to take their chances waiting for a submarine rescue ship to clamp itself onto the escape hatch.

It is not known with certainty how long the remaining men survived in the compartment. As the nuclear reactors had automatically shut down, emergency power soon ran out, plunging the crew into complete blackness and falling temperatures. Kolesnikov wrote two further messages, much less tidily than before. In the last, he wrote:

"It's dark here to write, but I'll try by feel. It seems like there are no chances, 10-20%. Let's hope that at least someone will read this. Here's the list of personnel from the other sections, who are now in the ninth and will attempt to get out. Regards to everybody, no need to be desperate. Kolesnikov."

There has been much debate over how long the sailors might have survived. Some, particularly on the Russian side, say that they would have died very quickly. Water is known to leak into a stationary Oscar-II craft through the propeller shafts, and at 100 metres (330 ft) depth it would have been impossible to plug these. Others point out that the many superoxide chemical cartridges, used to absorb carbon dioxide and chemically release oxygen to enable survival, were found used when the craft was recovered, suggesting that they had survived for several days. Ironically, the cartridges appear to have been the cause of death a sailor appears to have accidentally brought a cartridge in contact with oily sea water, causing a chemical reaction and a flash fire. The official investigation into the disaster showed that some men appeared to have survived the fire by plunging under the water (the fire marks on the walls indicate the water was at waist level in the lower area at this time). However the fire rapidly used up the remaining oxygen in the air, causing death by asphyxiation.

According to Raising Kursk broadcast by the Science Channel:

"In June of 2002, the Russian Navy recovered Kursk's bow section. Shortly afterwards, the Russian government investigation into the accident officially concluded that a faulty torpedo sank Kursk in the Summer of 2000."

[edit] Rescue attempts

Russian and Norwegian ships heading towards the Kursk siteInitially the other ships in the exercise, all of which had detected an explosion, did not report it. Each only knew about its own part in the exercise, and ostensibly assumed that the explosion was that of a depth charge, and part of the exercise. It was not until the evening that commanders stated that they became concerned that they had heard nothing from Kursk. Later in the evening, and after repeated attempts to contact Kursk had failed, a search and rescue operation was launched. The rescue ship Rudnitsky carrying two submersible rescue vessels, AS-32 and the Priz (AS-34) reached the disaster area at around 8:40 AM the following morning.

The submarine was found in an upright position, with nose plowed about 2 meters deep into the clay seabed, in depth of 108 meters. The periscope was raised, indicating the accident occurred in a low depth. The nose and the bridge showed signs of damage, the conning tower windows were smashed and two missile tube lids were torn off. Fragments of both outer and inner hull were found nearby, including a fragment of Kursk's nose weighing 5 metric tons, indicating a massive explosion in the forward torpedo room.[6][7]

Priz reached Kursk's ninth compartment the day after the accident, but failed to dock with it. Bad weather prevented further attempts on Tuesday and Wednesday. A further attempt on Thursday again made contact but failed to create a vacuum seal required to dock.

The United States offered the use of one of its two Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicles, as did the British government, but all offers were refused by the Russian government. Four days after the accident on 16 August 2000, the Russian government accepted the British and Norwegian governments' assistance and a rescue ship was dispatched from Norway on 17 August and reached the site on 19 August. British and Norwegian deep-sea divers reached the ninth compartment escape hatch on Sunday, 20 August. They were able to determine that the compartment was flooded, and all hope of finding survivors was lost.

[edit] Russian government response
The first fax sent from the Russian Navy to the various Press offices said the submarine had "minor technical difficulties". The government downplayed the incident and then claimed bad weather was making it impossible to rescue the people on board.

On 18 August Nadezhda Tylik, mother of Kursk submariner Lt. Sergei Tylik, produced an intense emotional outburst in the middle of an in-progress news briefing about Kursk's fate. After attempts to quiet her failed, a nurse injected her with a sedative by force from the back, and she was removed from the room, incapacitated. The event, caught on film, caused further criticism of the government's response to both the disaster, and how the government handled public criticism of said response.

For President Vladimir Putin, the Kursk crisis was not merely a human tragedy, it was a personal PR catastrophe. Twenty-four hours after the submarine's disappearance, as Russian naval officials made bleak calculations about the chances of the 118 men on board, Putin was filmed enjoying himself, shirtsleeves rolled up, hosting a barbecue at his holiday villa on the Black Sea.
—Amelia Gentleman, [8]
[edit] Collision theory

Size and mass comparison of Kursk (top) and Toledo (bottom). Toledo is less than half of the Kursk's displacement. None of the NATO submarines nearby during the explosion were damaged.[9]At first, Russian naval sources expressed suspicion that Kursk had been struck by an American submarine.[9] In its 2002 review of two books on this topic, "Kursk, Russia's Lost Pride" and "A Time to Die: The Kursk Disaster" The Guardian says: "The hopelessly flawed rescue attempt, hampered by badly designed and decrepit equipment, illustrated the fatal decline of Russia's military power. The navy's callous approach to the families of the missing men was reminiscent of an earlier Soviet insensitivity to individual misery. The lies and incompetent cover-up attempts launched by both the navy and the government were resurrected from a pre-Glasnost era. The wildly contradictory conspiracy theories about what caused the catastrophe said more about a naval high command in turmoil, fumbling for a scapegoat, than about the accident itself."[8]

After Kursk sank, the exercise was canceled and two American Los Angeles-class submarines — USS Memphis (SSN-691) and USS Toledo (SSN-769) — put in at European ports. These two vessels, plus the Royal Navy submarine HMS Splendid, were monitoring the activities of the war games.[10]

French filmmaker Jean-Michel Carré, in Kursk: a Submarine in Troubled Waters,[11][12][13] which aired on 7 January 2005 on French TV channel France 2, alleged that Kursk sank because of a sequence of events triggered by a collision with the US submarine USS Toledo. According to Carré, Kursk was performing tests with Shkval torpedoes and the tests were being observed by two US submarines on duty in the region, USS Toledo and USS Memphis.

[edit] Salvage
Most of the submarine's hull, except the bow, was raised from the ocean floor by the Dutch salvage companies Smit International and Mammoet in late 2001 and towed back to the Russian Navy's Roslyakovo Shipyard.[1] The front section was cut off because of concerns it could break off and destabilize the lifting, and was recovered in 2002.[14] The nose was cut off using a chain of drums covered with an abrasive, pulled back and forth between two hydraulic anchors dug into the seabed the cutting took 10 days.[15]

The bodies of its dead crew were removed from the wreck and buried in Russia – three of them were unidentifiable because they were so badly burned. Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree awarding the Order of Courage to all the crew and title Hero of the Russian Federation to the submarine's captain, Gennady Lyachin.[16]

First five fragments to be raised were a piece of a torpedo tube weighing about a ton (to ascertain if the explosion occurred inside or outside), a high-pressure compressed air cylinder weighing about half ton (also to ascertain the nature of the explosion), part of the cylindrical section of the hard frame and part of the left forward spherical partition to determine the intensity and temperature of the fire in the forward compartment, and a fragment of the sonar system dome.[17]

The presence of explosives in the unexploded torpedoes (about 225 kg TNT equivalent each) and especially in the 23 SS-N-19 cruise missiles aboard (about 760 kg each, plus about 7 kg TNT equivalent of the silo ejection charge), together with the risk of radiation release from the reactors, presented a unique set of challenges to the salvage teams.[5]