Çѱ¹ÀÎ 50¸¸ ¸í(1£¥)À» Çù¹ÚÇÏ´Â ¹ÎÁÖ´çÀº ÁÂÀÍÀüüÁÖÀÇ Á¤´ç?

¼Òµæ±âÁØÀ¸·Î á´â¦íº¸¦ Â÷º°ÇÏ´Â °Ç Áö¿ª-ìÑðú-Á¾±³¸¦ ±âÁØÀ¸·Î Â÷º°ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº ÀüüÁÖÀÇÀû ÇàÅÂÀÌ´Ù.
<³¡±îÁö, 99% ±¹¹Î Æí¿¡ ¼­°Ú½À´Ï´Ù>
¹ÎÁÖÅëÇÕ´ç ´ë±¸±¤¿ª½Ã´ç À̸§À¸·Î µ¿´ë±¸¿ª ¾Õ¿¡ °Ç Çö¼ö¸· ±¸È£ÀÌ´Ù.

±¹¹ÎµéÀ» 1 Óß 99·Î ´ëÄ¡½ÃŰ·Á´Â ¼±°Å Àü·«¿¡¼­ ³ª¿Â ±ÛÀÌ´Ù. 1%´Â ¼ÒµæÀ» ±âÁØÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ß¾êÈ 1%ÀÌ´Ù. ¼Òµæ ß¾êÈ 1%´Â ¼Òµæ¼¼ÀÇ ¾à45%¸¦ ³½´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ 1%´Â ¾à35%¸¦ ºÎ´ãÇÑ´Ù. Çѱ¹ÀÇ 1%°¡ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ 1%º¸´Ù ¼¼±ÝÀ» ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ³½´Ù´Â À̾߱âÀÌ´Ù. À̵éÀÌ ¾Ö±¹ÀÚÀÌ´Ù.

Çѱ¹¿¡¼­ ¼Òµæ ß¾êÈ 1%¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ·Á¸é ÀÚ»êÀÌ ¾à22¾ï ¿ø ÀÌ»ó, æÄÊà ¼ÒµæÀÌ 1¾ï5000¸¸ ¿ø Á¤µµ ÀÌ»óÀ̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¹ÎÁÖÅëÇÕ´çÀÇ ÇöÁ÷ ±¹È¸ÀÇ¿øÁß ¾à20¸íÀÌ 1%¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù.

¹ÎÁÖÅëÇÕ´çÀº 1%¸¦ îØÓßãÊÇÑ´Ù. ¼Òµæ±âÁØÀ¸·Î á´â¦íº¸¦ Â÷º°ÇÏ´Â °Ç Áö¿ª-ìÑðú-Á¾±³¸¦ ±âÁØÀ¸·Î Â÷º°ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº ÀüüÁÖÀÇÀû ÇàÅÂÀÌ´Ù. È÷Ʋ·¯ÀÇ ³ªÄ¡ µ¶ÀÏÀÌ ¼Ò¼öÀÇ À¯ÅÂÀεéÀ» ÇлìÇÑ °Íµµ ÀÌ·± ÀüüÁÖÀÇÀû ¹ß»ó¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÈ »ç°ÇÀÌ´Ù. ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇÀÇ ´ë¿øÄ¢Àº, ¼Ò¼öÀÚ Â÷º°À» ¾ö±ÝÇϴµ¥, ¹ÎÁÖ´çÀº ÔÒðéÁß¿¡¼­ ¼Ò¼öÀÇ Ý£íºµéÀ» °ñ¶ó³» Â÷º°Çϰڴٰí ÇÑ´Ù.

´ëÇѹα¹ úÊÛö Á¦10Á¶´Â, <¸ðµç ±¹¹ÎÀº Àΰ£À¸·Î¼­ÀÇ Á¸¾ö°ú °¡Ä¡¸¦ °¡Áö¸ç, ÇູÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÒ ±Ç¸®¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù. ±¹°¡´Â °³ÀÎÀÌ °¡Áö´Â ºÒ°¡Ä§ÀÇ ±âº»Àû ìÑÏíÀ» È®ÀÎÇϰí À̸¦ º¸ÀåÇÒ Àǹ«¸¦ Áø´Ù>°í ±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±¹¹ÎÀÇ 1%À̸é 50¸¸ ¸íÀÌ´Ù. úÊÛöÀº ´Ü ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±âº»Àû ìÑÏíµµ ±¹°¡°¡ Ä§ÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ¸ø ¹Ú¾Ò´Ù. ÇϹ°¸ç 50¸¸ ¸íÀ» Ÿµµ´ë»óÀ¸·Î »ï´Â Á¤´çÀÌ ¹ÎÁÖ±¹°¡¿¡¼­ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Ù´Ï!

¹ÎÁÖ´çÀº ÀüüÁÖÀÇ Ã¼Á¦ÀÇ ¼ö·É ±èÀϼºÀ» ¼þ¹èÇÏ´Â µÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÛ»ç, ÀÛ°îÇÑ ÓÚʰ¸¦ ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ´ëÇ¥´Â ºÏÇѳ뵿´çÀÌ ³²ÇÑ¿¡ ¸¸µç ÁöÇÏ´ç »ç°Ç¿¡ ¿¬·çµÇ¾î ³²Æí°ú ÇÔ²² ±¸¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù°¡ ¿Á»ìÀ̸¦ ÇÏ°í ³ª¿Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ´Ù. À̳äÀû ÀüÇâÀ» ¼±¾ðÇÑ Àûµµ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é Ý£íº 1%¸¦ Ç̹ÚÇϰڴٴ ÀÌ Á¤´çÀÇ ïáô÷àõÀº ÁÂÀÍÀüüÁÖÀǶó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¹ÎÁÖÀû ±âº»Áú¼­¸¦ ¾î±â´Â êÞúÊÁ¤´çÀ̶õ ¶æÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Á¤´çÀÌ Á¤±ÇÀ» ÀâÀ¸¸é Çѱ¹¿¡¼± »çȸÁÖÀÇÀû ÀüüÁÖÀÇ °è±Þ Çõ¸íÀÌ ÀϾ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.


,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,



ùÛÏÐìÑÀ» ÇູÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç 4ÓÞ ¹®Àå
¹Ì±¹ µ¶¸³¼±¾ð¼­, ì°ã¯Ø¹ÀÇ µ¶¸³Á¤½Å, õËÑõà¼ÀÇ ß²ìéµ¶¸³¼±¾ð¼­, ´ëÇѹα¹ Çå¹ý.
ðáË£ð­

*Å丶½º Á¦ÆÛ½¼ÀÌ ±âÃÊÇÑ 1776³â ¹Ì±¹ µ¶¸³¼±¾ð¼­ÀÇ À¯¸íÇÑ ±ÍÀý: <¿ì¸®´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Áø½ÇµéÀº ´©±¸µµ ºÎÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ãêá¡(½Å¼º)ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÑ´Ù. Áï, ¸ðµç Àΰ£Àº ÆòµîÇϰí ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô âÁ¶µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×·± ÆòµîÇÑ Ã¢Á¶·ÎºÎÅÍ »©¾Ñ±æ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °íÀ¯ÇÑ ±Ç¸®¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Âµ¥ »ý¸íÀÇ ÜÁîï(º¸Àü)°ú ÀÚÀ¯, ±×¸®°í ÇູÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÒ ±Ç¸®°¡ °Å±â¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù>

*1904³â ì°ã¯Ø¹ÀÌ è«ñé¿¡¼­ ¾´ 'µ¶¸³Á¤½Å'ÀÇ ÇÑ ±ÍÀý: <ºÎµð ±íÀÌ »ý°¢Çϰí, °íÁýºÎ¸®Áö ¸»°í, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Èû²¯ ÀÏÇÏ°í °øºÎÇÏ¿© ¼º°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ±æÀ» ¿­¾î³õ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸°Ô ÇÏ¸é »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ½º½º·Î üÀÕôÀÌ »ý±â°í, °ü½ÀÀÌ ºü¸£°Ô º¯ÇÏ¿© ³ª¶ó Àüü¿¡µµ üÀÕôÀÌ »ý°Ü¼­ ¸î½Ê ³â ÈÄ¿¡ ºÎÀ¯ÇÏ°í °­·ÂÇÑ ³ª¶ó°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ Á¸ÁßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ³ª¶ó¸¦ ¼¼¿ì´Â ÐÆÜâÀÌ´Ù>

*õËÑõà¼ÀÌ ±âÃÊÇÑ 1919³â 3.1 µ¶¸³¼±¾ð¼­ÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ¹®´Ü: <¿ì¸®°¡ º»µð Ÿ°í³­ í»ë¦ÏíÀ» ÁöÄÑ Ç³¼ºÇÑ »îÀÇ Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ¸¶À½²¯ ´©¸± °ÍÀ̸ç, ¿ì¸®°¡ ³Ë³ËÈ÷ Áö´Ñ ¹Ù µ¶Ã¢Àû ´É·ÂÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇÏ¿© º½±â¿îÀÌ °¡µæÇÑ ¿Â ´©¸®¿¡ °Ü·¹ÀÇ ¶Ù¾î³²À» ²É Çǿ츮¶ó>

*ì°ã¯Ø¹ÀÌ ËïÏÐÀ» ÁÖµµÇÑ ´ëÇѹα¹ Çå¹ý Á¦10Á¶: <¸ðµç ±¹¹ÎÀº Àΰ£À¸·Î¼­ÀÇ Á¸¾ö°ú °¡Ä¡¸¦ °¡Áö¸ç, ÇູÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÒ ±Ç¸®¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù. ±¹°¡´Â °³ÀÎÀÌ °¡Áö´Â ºÒ°¡Ä§ÀÇ ±âº»Àû ìÑÏíÀ» È®ÀÎÇϰí À̸¦ º¸ÀåÇÒ Àǹ«¸¦ Áø´Ù>

À§ÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû Ùþßö´Â Àΰ£ »ý¸íÀÇ Á¸¾ö¼º°ú Àΰ£ÀÇ ±âº»±ÇÀ» ±ÔÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â µ¥ °øÅëÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖÀ» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼­·Î ¿¬°üµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. Å丶½º Á¦ÆÛ½¼Àº Àΰ£ÀÇ ±âº»±ÇÀ» »ýÁ¸±Ç, Æòµî±Ç, ÀÚÀ¯±Ç, ÇູÃß±¸±ÇÀ¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±¹°¡µµ °³ÀÎÀÇ ÀÌ·± ±âº»±ÇÀ» Ä§ÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ¸ø¹Ú¾Ò´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀ̰í ìÑÏíÀÇ ¹ÙÅÁÀÌ µÇ´Â ìÑÊàκÀÌ´Ù.

¹Ì±¹ µ¶¸³¼±¾ð¼­ÀÇ ÀÌ·± ÞÖßÌÀº ±× µÚ ý­Û¡±¹°¡°¡ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǸ¦ °Ç¼³ÇÒ ¶§ ÇϳªÀÇ ±âÁØÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. 19¼¼±â¸» ½ÃÀÛµÈ Çѱ¹ÀÇ ËÒûù¿îµ¿Àº ¹Ì±¹°ú ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǸ¦ ìµßÌÀ¸·Î »ï°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±× ìµßÌÀ» °¡Àå ³í¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤¸®ÇÏ°í °¡Àå ÁÙ±âÂ÷°Ô ½ÇõÇÏ¿´´ø À̰¡ ì°ã¯Ø¹À̾ú´Ù. ±×°¡ ¿Â¸öÀ¸·Î ´ã¾Æ³»¾ú´ø ËÒûùÀÇ ²ÞÀº ùÛìíܱùêÀ¸·Î ÁÂÀýµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª ±× ºÒ¾¾´Â À̾îÁ³°í 3.1 µ¶¸³¼±¾ð¼­·Î ÀçÈ®ÀεǾúÀ¸¸ç µåµð¾î ´ëÇѹα¹ Çå¹ý¿¡ ÀÚ¸®Àâ¾Æ ¿À´ÃÀÇ ´ëÇѹα¹À» À̲ô´Â °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °¡Ä¡°üÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

Á¦ÆÛ½¼-ì°ã¯Ø¹-ß²ìé¿îµ¿-ËïÏÐ-úÊÛöÀÇ ¿¬°á¸Á¿¡¼­ ºüÁ®¹ö¸° °ÍÀÌ ºÏÇÑÀ̾ú´Ù. ºÏÇÑÀº Àΰ£»ý¸íÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÔ, ìÑÏíÀÇ Á¸Áß, ÀÚÀ¯-Æòµî-ÇູÀÇ ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ Á¦¿ÜµÊÀ¸·Î½á Áö¿ÁÀ¸·Î º¯Çعö·È´Ù. ºÏÇÑ¿¡ ºñ±³Çϸé Çѱ¹Àº õ±¹ÀÌ´Ù. ¿À´Ã ¿ì¸®°¡ ´©¸®´Â ÀÌ ÀÚÀ¯´Â Ú¸Ïаú ì°ã¯Ø¹, ±×¸®°í ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ÇÕÀÛǰÀÌ´Ù.

À§ÀÇ 4ÓÞ ¹®¼­¿¡ µîÀåÇϴ Ű ¿öµå´Â ÀÚÀ¯, »ý¸í, Æòµî, Á¸¾ö, Çູ, dz¿ä, »îÀÇ Áñ°Å¿ò µîµî Èñ¸ÁÀûÀÌ°í ³«°üÀûÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ´Â »îÀ» ±àÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. Àΰ£À¸·Î ž¸é Çàº¹ÇØÁú ±Ç¸®¿Í Àǹ«°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í °¡¸£Ä£´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ Çѱ¹ÀÎÀ¸·Î ž¸é ºÒÇàÇØÁú ÀÚ°ÝÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.



ÑÑΰòå ±¹¹æÀå°ü, "±ºÀº Çå¹ý5Á¶2Ç×ÀÇ Àǹ«¸¦ ´ÙÇ϶ó"


"±¹±ºÀº ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¾ÈÀüº¸Àå°ú ±¹Å乿À§ÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ Àǹ«¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÔÀ» »ç¸íÀ¸·Î Çϸç, ±× Á¤Ä¡Àû Á߸³¼ºÀº ÁؼöµÈ´Ù."
´ºµ¥Àϸ®(Àü°æ¿õ±âÀÚ)

±è°üÁø ±¹¹æÀå°üÀº 1ÀÏ »õÇØ ù ÁöÈÖ¼­½Å¿¡¼­ À̼ø½Å À屺ÀÇ ¸í¾ð ¡®ÀÍ·ÁÁÖÁó ÇØ±¸´ëº¯(ìÌÕäñÇñï ú­Ï¢Óâܨ. ¹è¸¦ ÇÑÃþ ´õ Á¤ºñÇÏ¸ç ¹Ù´Ù ¾î±Í¿¡¼­ Àû °ø°Ý¿¡ ´ëºñÇ϶ó)¡¯À» ¾ð±ÞÇÏ¸ç ¡°Çå¹ý Á¦5Á¶ 2Ç׿¡ ¸í½ÃµÈ ´ë·Î ¡®±¹±ºÀÇ »ç¸í¡¯À» ¿Ï¼öÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±¹¹ÎÀÇ ¿ä±¸¡±¶ó°í ±¹±ºÀ庴µé¿¡°Ô ´çºÎÇß´Ù.

ÑÑ Àå°üÀº ÁöÈÖ¼­½Å¿¡¼­ ¡°2012³âÀº °æÁ¦ ºÒȲÀÌ Áö¼ÓµÇ´Â °¡¿îµ¥ ¼¼°è ÁÖ¿ä±¹¿¡¼­ ÁöµµÀÚ¸¦ ¼±ÃâÇÏ´Â µî ¸¹Àº º¯È­°¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÈ´Ù. ºÏÇÑÀº ±èÁ¤ÀÏ »ç¸Á ÈÄ ±èÁ¤Àº üÁ¦ ±¸Ãà °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ´ë³»¿ÜÀû ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ÀÌ ¿äÀÎÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¡±¸ç ¡°±¹°¡¾Èº¸ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ½Ã±â¡±¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.

ÑÑ Àå°üÀº ¡°¿ì¸® ±ºÀº À¯µ¿ÀûÀÎ ¾Èº¸»óȲ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ È®°íÇÑ ±º»ç´ëºñż¼¸¦ À¯ÁöÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù¡±¸ç Àû µµ¹ß¿¡ öÀúÈ÷ ´ëºñÇÒ °Í°ú ±¹¹æ°³ÇõÀ» ÅëÇÑ ÀüÅõÀÓ¹« Áß½ÉÀ¸·ÎÀÇ º¯È­, À庴º¹Áö¿Í º´¿µ¹®È­ °³¼± µîÀ» ´çºÎÇß´Ù.

±è Àå°üÀº ƯÈ÷ ¡°ÀûÀº ¶¥°ú ¹Ù´Ù¿Í ÇÏ´Ã, »çÀ̹ö ¿µ¿ª¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ±×µéÀÌ ¼±ÅÃÇÑ ½Ã°£°ú Àå¼Ò¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿¹»óÀ» ¶Ù¾î ³Ñ´Â °­µµ¿Í ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ µµ¹ßÀ» ȹåÇÒ °Í¡±À̶ó¸ç ¡°(ÀûÀÇ µµ¹ß¿¡ ´ëÇÑ) ¸é¹ÐÇÑ ºÐ¼®°ú Áý¿äÇÑ Â¡ÈÄ ÃßÀû, Àû µµ¹ß À¯ÇüÀ» »óÁ¤ÇÑ °­µµ ³ôÀº ½ÇÀüÀû ÈÆ·ÃÀ¸·Î öÀúÈ÷ ´ëºñÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù¡±°í ´çºÎÇß´Ù.

±è Àå°üÀº ÀÌ¾î ¡°Àû µµ¹ß ½Ã¿¡´Â °¢ ºÎ´ë ÁöÈÖ°üÀÇ ÆÇ´Ü¿¡ µû¶ó À§Çù ¼¼·ÂÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÉ ¶§±îÁö ´ÜÈ£ÇÏ°Ô ÀÀÂ¡ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. À̸¦ ÅëÇØ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ´ÜÈ£ÇÑ ÀÇÁö¿Í ÃæºÐÇÑ ´É·ÂÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» ±ú´Ý°Ô ÇØ¾ß ´Ù½Ã´Â µµ¹ßÇÒ ¾öµÎµµ ³»Áö ¸øÇÒ °Í¡±À̶ó°í ¼³¸íÇß´Ù.

±è Àå°üÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ¡°Á¶Á÷°ú ¹«±âü°è°¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® ¹ß´ÞÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ÀüÅõ·Â ¹ßÈÖÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀº À̸¦ ¿î¿ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷À̸ç, ±º »ýȰÀÇ ÁúÀû Çâ»óÀº °­Çѱº´ë¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ÃàÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î Ãæ¼ºÇϰí Çå½ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Ç°­ÇÑ º´¿µ¹®È­¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î¾ß ±¹¹Îµéµµ ±ºÀ» È®°íÈ÷ ¹ÏÀ» °Í¡±À̶ó°í ´çºÎÇß´Ù.

Á¶°©Á¦´åÄÄ ñ¼: <´ëÇѹα¹ Çå¹ý Á¦5Á¶ ¨ç ´ëÇѹα¹Àº ±¹Á¦ÆòÈ­ÀÇ À¯Áö¿¡ ³ë·ÂÇϰí ħ·«Àû ÀüÀïÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÑ´Ù. ¨è±¹±ºÀº ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¾ÈÀüº¸Àå°ú ±¹Å乿À§ÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ Àǹ«¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÔÀ» »ç¸íÀ¸·Î Çϸç, ±× Á¤Ä¡Àû Á߸³¼ºÀº ÁؼöµÈ´Ù.>. ±¹±ºÀº ºÏ±«±ºÀÇ ÑõöÕÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¹Å並 ¹æÀ§ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÔÀº ¹°·ÐÀ̰í, ðôÝÁ¼¼·ÂÀÇ ¹Ý¿ªÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¾ÈÀüº¸ÀåÀ» ¼öÈ£ÇÒ ½Å¼ºÇÑ Àǹ«¸¦ ºÎ¿©¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ÑÑ Àå°ü ÃëÀÓ ÀÌÈÄ ÏÚÀÇ ïÙýº±³À°ÀÌ °­È­µÇ¾ú°í, ƯÈ÷ ðôÝÁ¼¼·ÂÀÇ ïáô÷¸¦ À庴µé¿¡°Ô ¾Ë¸®´Â µ¥ ÁÖ·ÂÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
úÊÛö¿¡ ¸í½ÃµÈ ±¹±ºÀÇ ãêá¡ÇÑ Àǹ«


6.15 ÞÀܨ¼¼·ÂÀÌ ¹ÎÁÖ-ùêúʼ¼·ÂÀ¸·Î À§Àå, Á¤±ÇÀ» Àâ°í, º»»öÀ» µå·¯³», ºÏÇÑÁ¤±Ç°ú ¿¬¹æÁ¦îåûùÅëÀÏÀ» ÃßÁø, ÏÐ÷Ï¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ äÌîïÀ» À§ÇùÇÒ ¶§´Â ±¹±ºÀÌ Çàµ¿ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â °ÅºÎÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Çå¹ý»óÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ Àǹ«À̰í ûÞúÊÀ» À§ÇÑ Ì½Ó¨ÀÌ´Ù.
ðáË£ð­

Á¦1Á¶
¨ç´ëÇѹα¹Àº ¹ÎÁÖ°øÈ­±¹ÀÌ´Ù.
¨è´ëÇѹα¹ÀÇ ÁÖ±ÇÀº ±¹¹Î¿¡°Ô ÀÖ°í, ¸ðµç ±Ç·ÂÀº ±¹¹ÎÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿Â´Ù.

Á¦2Á¶
¨ç´ëÇѹα¹ÀÇ ±¹¹ÎÀÌ µÇ´Â ¿ä°ÇÀº ¹ý·ü·Î Á¤ÇÑ´Ù.
¨è±¹°¡´Â ¹ý·üÀÌ Á¤ÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Àç¿Ü±¹¹ÎÀ» º¸È£ÇÒ Àǹ«¸¦ Áø´Ù.

Á¦3Á¶
´ëÇѹα¹ÀÇ ¿µÅä´Â Çѹݵµ¿Í ±× ºÎ¼Óµµ¼­·Î ÇÑ´Ù.

Á¦4Á¶
´ëÇѹα¹Àº ÅëÀÏÀ» ÁöÇâÇϸç, ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÀû ±âº»Áú¼­¿¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÑ ÆòÈ­Àû ÅëÀÏ Á¤Ã¥À» ¼ö¸³Çϰí À̸¦ ÃßÁøÇÑ´Ù.

Á¦5Á¶
¨ç´ëÇѹα¹Àº ±¹Á¦ÆòÈ­ÀÇ À¯Áö¿¡ ³ë·ÂÇϰí ħ·«Àû ÀüÀïÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÑ´Ù.
¨è±¹±ºÀº ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¾ÈÀüº¸Àå°ú ±¹Å乿À§ÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ Àǹ«¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÔÀ» »ç¸íÀ¸·Î Çϸç, ±× Á¤Ä¡Àû Á߸³¼ºÀº ÁؼöµÈ´Ù.


ÇØ¼³: ´ëÇѹα¹Àº ¹ÎÁÖ°øÈ­±¹À̰í, ±× ¿µÅä´Â Çѹݵµ¿Í ºÎ¼Óµµ¼­ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ºÏÇÑÁö¿ªÀº ´ëÇѹα¹ÀÇ ¿µÅäÀ̰í ÀÌ ¿µÅ並 ÝÕÛö °­Á¡ÇÑ ºÏÇÑÁ¤±ÇÀº ¹Ý¿ªÁý´ÜÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹Ý¿ªÁý´ÜÀ» ÆòÈ­ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÇØÃ¼ÇÏ¿© ºÏÇÑÁö¿ª±îÁö ¹ÎÁÖ°øÈ­±¹À¸·Î ¸¸µå´Â ÀÚÀ¯ÅëÀÏÀº Çå¹ý»ó Àǹ«ÀÌ´Ù. ±¹±ºÀº ºÏÇÑÁ¤±Ç°ú °°Àº ¿ÜºÎÀÇ îØ(Àû)À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¹Å並 ÁöŰ´Â Àǹ«»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Á¾ºÏÁý´Ü°ú °°Àº ³»ºÎÀÇ îØÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀ» º¸ÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ½Å¼ºÇÑ Àǹ«·Î »ï´Â´Ù.

Úã¹ÎÁ·-Úã±¹°¡-ÚãÇå¹ýÀû ðôÝÁ¼¼·ÂÀÌ ¹ÎÁÖÅõ»ç, °³Çõ¼¼·Â, Áøº¸¼¼·Â, º¹Áö¼¼·Â, ¹ÎÁ·¼¼·ÂÀ¸·Î À§Àå, À¯±ÇÀÚµéÀ» ¼ÓÀ̰í, Á¤±ÇÀ» Àâ¾Æ, º»»öÀ» µå·¯³», ºÏÇÑÁ¤±Ç°ú ¿¬¹æÁ¦îåûùÅëÀÏÀ» ÃßÁø, ÏÐ÷Ï¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ äÌîïÀ» À§ÇùÇÒ ¶§´Â ±¹±ºÀÌ Çàµ¿ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â °ÅºÎÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Çå¹ý»óÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ Àǹ«À̰í ûÞúÊ(È£Çå)°ú Ï­ÏÐ(±¸±¹)À» À§ÇÑ Ì½Ó¨(°á´Ü)ÀÌ´Ù.



ÑÑΰòå ±¹¹æÀå°ü¿¡°Ô ¹Ú¼ö¸¦ º¸³½´Ù!


ÁÂÆíÇâ ±³À°ÀÇ ÇÇÇØÀÚÀÎ ±¹¹æºÎÀÇ úÞÓÛÞÈ ±³°ú¼­ ½ÃÁ¤ ¿ä±¸´Â, Çå¹ý Á¦5Á¶ 2Ç׿¡ ±ÔÁ¤µÈ '±¹±ºÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ Àǹ«'¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î Á¤´çÇÏ´Ù!
ðáË£ð­

ÑÑΰòå(±è°üÁø) Àå°üÀÌ À̲ô´Â ´ëÇѹα¹ ±¹¹æºÎ°¡ Áö³­ È­¿äÀÏ ÍÔÎè Çѱ¹»ç ±³°ú¼­ÀÇ Úã±¹°¡Àû-ÚãÇå¹ýÀû-ÚãÏÚîÜ ¿Ö°î°ú ÆíÇ⼺À» ÁöÀû, ÀÌÀÇ ½ÃÁ¤À» ±³°úºÎ¿¡ ¿ä±¸ÇÑ °ÍÀº ±¹±ºÀÌ ±¹°¡Á¤Ã¼¼º ¼öÈ£¿¡ ³ª¼± ¿ª»çÀû »ç°ÇÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ±¹±º¿¡ ºÎ¿©µÈ Çå¹ýÀû Àǹ«¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

´ëÇѹα¹ Çå¹ý Á¦5Á¶ 2Ç×Àº <±¹±ºÀº ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¾ÈÀüº¸Àå°ú ±¹Å乿À§ÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ Àǹ«¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÔÀ» »ç¸íÀ¸·Î Çϸç, ±× Á¤Ä¡Àû Á߸³¼ºÀº ÁؼöµÈ´Ù>°í µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. '±¹°¡ÀÇ ¾ÈÀüº¸Àå'Àº èâîØÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿µÅ並 ¹æÀ§ÇÏ´Â ÀÓ¹«¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ º¸´Ù ³Ð°í ±íÀº °³³äÀÌ´Ù. ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀ» À§ÇùÇÏ´Â ¼¼·Â¿£ ºÏÇÑÁ¤±Ç°ú °°Àº èâîØ»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ºÏÇÑÁ¤±ÇÀÇ Á¶Á¾À» ¹Þ´Â °£Ã¸, ðôÝÁ¼¼·Â µî Ò®îØµµ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ. ±¹±ºÀº Çå¹ýÀÌ ¸í·ÉÇÑ '±¹°¡ÀÇ ¾ÈÀüº¸Àå'À̶õ '½Å¼ºÇÑ Àǹ«'¸¦ ´ÙÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ³»ºÎÀÇ îØ¿¡ ´ëÃ³ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ Àǹ«°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹ÎÁÖÈ­ÀÇ ¿­Ç³ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ °³Á¤µÈ Çå¹ýÀÌ, ±¹³»¿ÜÀÇ îØÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀ» º¸ÀåÇÏ´Â ÀÓ¹«¸¦ '½Å¼ºÇÑ'À̶ó°í±îÁö °­Á¶ÇÏ¿© ±¹±º¿¡ ¸Ã±ä °ÍÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ÀüÀï»óŰ¡ °è¼ÓµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ÇѹݵµÀÇ Çö½ÇÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ.

¿©±â¼­ ³»ºÎÀÇ îØÀ̶ó ÇÔÀº Çå¹ý°ú ±¹°¡Á¤Ã¼¼ºÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ·Á´Â ¼¼·ÂÀ» °¡¸®Å²´Ù. ±¹±ºÀº '±¹°¡ÀÇ ¾ÈÀüº¸Àå'À̶õ Àǹ«¸¦ ´ÙÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©´Â, Á¤Ä¡¿¡ °³ÀÔÇÏ¿©¼± ¾È µÇÁö¸¸ Á¤Ä¡¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ³²ºÏ°£ ´ë°áÀº ¹«Àå ´ë°á°ú À̳ä´ë°áÀ» °âÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÏÚÀº À̳äÀüÀïµµ ¼öÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ±º¿¡ ïÙýº ºÎ¼­¸¦ ¸¸µéµµ·Ï ÇÑ À̰¡ ÏÐÏÚÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö ì°ã¯Ø¹ ´ëÅë·ÉÀ̾ú´Ù.

ïÙýºÀº 'Á¤Ä¡ÈÆ·Ã'ÀÇ å²í®ÀÌ´Ù. ïÙýºÀº ºÏ±«±º°ú ºÏÇѳ뵿´çÀÇ »ç»óÀû °ø¼¼¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÏ¿© ±¹±º À庴µéÀÇ À̳乫ÀåÀ» Ã¥ÀÓÁø ºÎ¼­ÀÌ´Ù. ¹®Á¦´Â ÀÔ´ëÇÏ´Â ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀÌ Çлý ½ÃÀý¿¡ ÁÂÆíÇâ ±³À°À» ¹Þ¾Æ ù¨ä² ½Äº° ±â´ÉÀÌ »ó´çÈ÷ ¸Á°¡Áø »óŶõ Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. °ÇÀüÇÑ ±¹°¡°üÀ» °¡Áø ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀ» ¾ç¼º, ÏÚ¿¡ º¸³»¾ß ÇÒ Çб³°¡ ¹®Á¦¾ÆµéÀ» ¾ç»ê, ±º´ë¿¡ ÁüÀ» Áö¿ì°í ÀÖ´Â ÇüÆíÀÌ´Ù.

1987³âºÎÅÍ º»°ÝÈ­µÈ ¹ÎÁÖÈ­ ½Ã´ë ÀÌÈÄ ±¹¹æºÎ°¡ ÀÌ·± ¹®Á¦¸¦ µ¤Áö ¾Ê°í Á¤¸é¿¡¼­ Á¦±âÇÑ °ÍÀº À̹øÀÌ Ã³À½ÀÌ´Ù. ÑÑΰòå Àå°üÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸é ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÀÏÀ̶ó´Â °Ô ±º ³»ºÎÀÇ ÆòÀÌ´Ù. ±¹¹æºÎ´Â <°í±³ ùÛÏÐÞÈ ±³°ú¼­(Çö´ë»ç ºÐ¾ß) ¿Ö°î¡¤ÆíÇâ ±â¼ú ¹®Á¦ ¹Ù·ÎÀâ±â Á¦¾È ¹è°æ ¼³¸í>¿¡¼­ <À߸øµÈ ¿ª»ç±³À°À¸·Î ÏÚÀÇ Á¤½ÅîúÕô°ú äÌÜÁż¼°¡ ¾àÈ­µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù>°í °ÆÁ¤Çß´Ù.

<ÏÚÀº ¡®ÁöÄÑ¾ß ÇÒ ´ë»ó°ú ½Î¿ö¾ß ÇÒ ´ë»ó¡¯À» ¸íÈ®È÷ ÀνÄÇØ¾ß Çϸç, À̸¦ À§Çؼ­´Â ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ¿ª»çÀǽÄÀÌ ÀüÁ¦µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù>´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ <úÞ ¿ª»ç ±³°ú¼­´Â ¿ì¸® À庴µéÀÌ ¡®¹«¾ùÀ» ÁöÄÑ¾ß Çϸç, Áö۱â À§ÇØ ´©±¸¿Í ½Î¿ö¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö¡¯¸¦ È¥µ¿ÄÉ Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù>°í Åë·ÄÇÏ°Ô ÁöÀûÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±¹¹æºÎ´Â ¶Ç <úÞ °í±³ Çѱ¹»ç ±³°ú¼­´Â ÀÔ´ë Àü ¿ì¸® ÀþÀºÀ̵鿡°Ô ´ëÇѹα¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³Ã¼ÒÀû ½Ã°¢°ú ºÏÇÑ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¯»óÀ» ½É¾îÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù>¸é¼­ <±¹±ºÀ» ¡®È£±¹ÀÇ ÊÎàò¡®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±¹°¡¹ßÀüÀ» ÀúÇØÇÏ°í ±¹¹ÎÀ» ź¾ÐÇØ¿Â Áý´ÜÀ¸·Î ¸ÅµµÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù>°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ¼³¸í¹®Àº ¶Ç <¿Ö°îµÈ ¿ª»ç ±³°ú¼­¸¦ ½ÃÁ¤Çϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ÏÚ»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±¹¹Î ¸ðµÎÀÇ °ü½É°ú µ¿ÂüÀÌ ¿ä±¸>µÈ´Ù¸é¼­ ¿ª»çÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ÆíÇ⼺À» ¹Ù·Î ÀâÀ» ÓÛäбîÁö Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´´Ù.

<Çö´ë»ç´Â ¿ª»çÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ÀüÀ¯¹°ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÌ ½Ã´ë¸¦ ´õºÒ¾î »ì¾Æ¿Â ±¹¹Î ¸ðµÎÀÇ ¸òÀÌ´Ù. ¿ª»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æò°¡´Â ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³­ ½ÃÁ¡¿¡¼­ Èļ¼µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Æò°¡µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÕ´çÇÏ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ Çö´ë»ç´Â ¿ª»çÇÐÀÚ»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÌ ½Ã´ë¸¦ ¸öÀ¸·Î °Þ°í »ì¾Æ¿Â ±¹¹ÎµéÀÇ ¸òÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª úÞ °í±³ ±³°ú¼­´Â ÀϺΠÆíÇâµÈ ½Ã°¢À» Áö´Ñ ¿ª»çÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ÁÖ°üÀû Æò°¡¿¡ Ä¡¿ìÄ£ ³»¿ëÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖ¾î ±× ÆóÇØ°¡ ½É°¢ÇÏ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, ¼Ò¼ö ¿ª»çÇÐÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¡®Æò°¡¡¯°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ¾Èº¸¡¤°æÁ¦¡¤¹®È­¡¤Á¾±³ ¡¤Çмú ºÐ¾ß µî °¢°è Àü¹®°¡°¡ Âü°¡ÇÏ¿© ±¹¹Î ¸ðµÎ°¡ °ø°¨ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¾ÇÕÀûÀÌ°í °´°üÀûÀÎ ¡®»ç½Ç¡¯ À§ÁÖ·Î ±â¼úµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ª»ç ±³°ú¼­´Â ÀÚ³àµé¿¡°Ô ÀüÇØÁÖ´Â ¿ì¸®¿Í ¿ì¸® ºÎ¸ð ¼¼´ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æò°¡¼­À̸ç, ¹Ì·¡¸¦ À§ÇÑ ±æÀâÀÌÀÌ´Ù. Çö ±³°ú¼­´Â µ¿¼­°í±ÝÀ» ÅëÇØ °¡Àå À§´ëÇÑ ¼ºÃ븦 ÀÌ·é ´ëÇѹα¹ÀÇ ¼ºÀå°ú ¹ßÀüÀ» ºÎ²ô·¯¿î ¿ª»ç·Î Àü¶ô½Ã۰í, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¿ª»ç»ó Àü·Ê ¾ø´Â ¡®ºÒ·®±¹°¡¡¯ ÀÌÀÚ ±¹Á¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ³«ÀÎÂïÈù ¡®½ÇÆÐÇÑ Ã¼Á¦¡¯ÀÎ ºÏÇÑÀ» µÎµÐÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ´ëÇѹα¹Àº ¡®ºÎÀÚÀÌÁö¸¸ ³ª»Û ¾Æºü¡¯·Î ÆïÇÏÇϰí, ºÏÇÑÀº ¡®°¡³­ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÁÁÀº ¾Æºü¡¯·Î ¹ÌÈ­Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
∙¿ì¸®¿Í ¿ì¸® ºÎ¸ð¼¼´ë°¡ ¡®¿Â°® ³ª»Û ÁþÀ» ´ÙÇϸ鼭 µ·¸¸ ¸ð¾Æ ³õÀº ÆÄ·ÅÄ¡ÇÑ ¼¼´ë¡¯·Î °æ¸ê¹Þ´Â °ÍÀÌ °ú¿¬ ¿ÇÀº°¡? ÁÖ¹ÎÀ» ±¾ÁÖ¸®°Ô Çϰí Ãß¾ÇÇÑ Áý´ÜÀ¸·Î ÁöźÀ» ¹Þ´Â ºÏÇÑÀ» μÛÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿ÇÀº°¡?>

±¹±ºÀÌ ±×µ¿¾È Âü°í ÂüÀ¸¸é¼­ ÁöÄÑ º¸¾Ò´ø, Á°æÀû ¿ª»ç ¿Ö°î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÂüÀ¸·Î ÅëÄèÇÑ ÁöÀûÀÌ´Ù. úÞÓÛÞȴ ͯÓÛÞȿʹ ´Þ¸®, ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¸¸µé¾î°¡°í üÇèÇÑ À̾߱âÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ºÐ¾ß¸¦ ÁÂÆíÇâµÈ ÏÐÞȱ³¼ö³ª ±³»çµéÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÀüÀ¯¹°ÀÎ °Íó·³ Âø°¢, ¿Ö°îÀÇ Æ¯±ÇÀ» ´©¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±¹¹æºÎ´Â Çö´ë»ç ÁýÇÊ¿¡ º¸´Ù ¸¹Àº Àü¹®°¡µéÀÌ Æø ³Ð°Ô Âü¿©ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

À̹ø ±¹¹æºÎ ¼³¸í¹®À» Àо¸é ±³°ú¼­ ºÐ¼® ¹× ¹Ù·Î Àâ±â ÀÓ¹«¿¡ Á¾»çÇÑ Àå±³µéÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ÀÌ ½º¸ç ÀÖ´Â º¸°í¼­¶ó´Â ´À³¦À» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ±¹¹æºÎÀÇ ±³°ú¼­ ¼öÁ¤ ¿ä±¸´Â, Çå¹ýÀû ±Ù°Å¿Í Áø½Ç¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÐ, ÀÏüÀÇ Á¤ÆÄÀû ÀÌÇØ°ü°è¸¦ ¶°³­ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 70¸¸ ±º´ëÀÇ ¶æÀ» ¸ðÀº ÀÌ Á¤Á¤´ç´çÇÑ ãÀïá ¿ä±¸¸¦ ±³°úºÎ´Â °¡º±°Ô ´Ù·ï¼± ¾È µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÑÑΰòå Àå°ü¿¡°Ô ¹Ú¼ö¸¦ º¸³½´Ù. [ 2011-08-25, 01:53 ]



±è°üÁø, "ÏÐÏÚÀº ´ëÇѹα¹ÀÇ ¼öÈ£ÀÚ"


Çå¹ý 5Á¶°¡ ±¹±ºÀÇ ÀÓ¹«¸¦ ±¹Å乿À§¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ äÌîﺸÀåÀ̶ó°í ¸ø¹Ú°í ÀÖ´Ù.
ðáË£ð­

Áö³­ ´Þ àøéÒüå ⸳ ±â³äÀÏ¿¡ Ãà»ç¸¦ ÇÑ ÑÑΰòå ±¹¹æÀå°üÀº "±¹±ºÀº ´ëÇѹα¹ÀÇ ¼öÈ£ÀÚ"¶ó°í Çß´Ù. ÀÌ´Â Çå¹ýÀû µÞ¹ÞħÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. Çå¹ý 5Á¶°¡ ±¹±ºÀÇ ÀÓ¹«¸¦ ±¹Å乿À§¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ äÌîﺸÀåÀ̶ó°í ¸ø¹Ú°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±¹Å乿À§´Â ºÏ±«±º °°Àº ¿ÜºÎÀÇ îØÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¶ó¸¦ ÁöŰ´Â ÀÏÀ̰í, ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¾ÈÀüº¸ÀåÀº ðôÝÁ¹Ý¿ª¼¼·Â°ú °°Àº ³»ºÎÀÇ îØÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¹°¡¸¦ ¼öÈ£ÇÏ´Â ÀÓ¹«ÀÌ´Ù. ÁÖ±ÇÀÚÀÎ ±¹¹ÎµéÀ» ±â¸¸, Áý±ÇÇÑ ¹Ý¿ªÀÚµéÀÌ îØ°ú ¼ÕÀâ°í, Çå¹ýÁú¼­, ùÛÚ¸µ¿¸Í, ±¹°¡Á¤Ã¼¼ºÀ» ÇØÃ¼, ÏÐô÷º¯°æÀ» ½ÃµµÇÑ´ÙµçÁö îåûùÅëÀÏÀÇ ±æÀ» ¿¬´Ù¸é, Áï ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¾ÈÀüº¸ÀåÀÌ À§ÅÂ·Ó°Ô µÈ´Ù¸é ÏÐÏÚÀº Çå¹ý Á¦5Á¶ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» ¹Þµé¾î '´ëÇѹα¹ ¼öÈ£ÀÚ'ÀÇ ÀÓ¹«¸¦ ¼öÇàÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Ã⵿ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â À̾߱Ⱑ µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â Çå¹ýÆÄ±«ÇàÀ§°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Çå¹ý¼öÈ£ÇàÀ§ÀÌ´Ù. Çå¹ýÀû °¡Ä¡ÀÎ Áø½Ç ïáëù ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ÁöŰ´Â ÀÏÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. ±¹±ºÀÇ ÀÌ·± ÀÛÀüÀº ÇǸ¦ È긮°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±º´ë°¡ ±×·± ÃÖÁ¾¼±ÅÃÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇÏ·Á¸é ±¹¹ÎµéÀÌ ¼±°Å¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© °£Ã¸°ú ¹Ý¿ªÀÚµéÀ» °É·¯³»¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÈÞÀüÇÏÀÇ À¯±ÇÀÚµéÀÌ ÁÂÀÍ ¼±µ¿¿¡ ³Ñ¾î°¡¸é ÇǸ¦ ºÎ¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡À» ¸í½ÉÇϰí ÅõÇ¥Àå¿¡ ³ª¾Æ°¡¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.




îñ ±¹Á¤¿ø Â÷Àå ¡°¹ÏÀ» °Ç ±¹±º »ÓÀÌ´Ù¡±


¾Ö±¹¡¤¿ìÆÄ ¼¼·ÂÀº ÏÚÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ¹¶ÃÄ Ã¼Á¦¸¦ ÁöÄѶó
ÑÑëÞàø


ÇÞºµÁ¤Ã¥ ±â°£ Áß ÓßÑõ µµ¹ß ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ´Ã¾î

ºÏÇÑÀÌ 6¡¤25 ÀüÀï ÈÄ Á¤ÀüÇùÁ¤À» À§¹ÝÇÑ »ç·Ê´Â ¹«·Á 43¸¸ °ÇÀ¸·Î, ±× Áß ÁÖ¿ä µµ¹ßÀº 211°Ç, ¹«·Â µµ¹ßÀº 26°Ç¿¡ À̸¥´Ù. 1980³â´ë ÀÌÈÄ Á¤±Çº° ÁÖ¿ä µµ¹ß ½ÇŸ¦ º¸¸é ÀüµÎȯ Á¤±Ç ´ç½Ã 16°Ç, ³ëÅ¿ì Á¤±Ç ´ç½Ã 12°Ç, ±è¿µ»ï Á¤±Ç ´ç½Ã 25°Ç, ±è´ëÁß Á¤±Ç ´ç½Ã 23°Ç, ³ë¹«Çö Á¤±Ç ´ç½Ã 17°Ç µîÀÌ´Ù.

µµ¹ß ¾ç»ó¿¡¼­ ƯÀÌÇÑ Á¡Àº ³²ºÏ°£ ±äÀå½Ã±â¿´´ø ±º»çÁ¤±Ç ½ÃÀýº¸´Ù ´ëºÏÀ¯È­Á¤Ã¥À» Æì´ø ¹Î°£ Á¤ºÎ¿¡ µé¾î µµ¹ß °Ç¼ö°¡ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Áõ°¡µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ºÏÇÑÀº ³²ºÏÁ¤»óȸ´ã°ú ÇÞºµÁ¤Ã¥ÀÌ ÇÑâÀÌ´ø 2000~2006³â ±â°£ Áß ¹«Àå·ÂÀ» 3¹è ÀÌ»ó °­È­Çϰí ÇÙ°ú ¹Ì»çÀÏ °³¹ß¿¡ ¹ÚÂ÷¸¦ °¡ÇÏ¿© ¸¶Ä§³» 2006³â 10¿ù¿¡´Â ÇÙ½ÇÇè±îÁö °¨ÇàÇß´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç½Ç·Î º¼ ¶§, ºÏÇÑÀÇ ´ë³² ÀûÈ­Àü·«Àº ³²Ãø¿¡¼­ ¾î¶°ÇÑ Á¤Ã¥À» ¾²µç ¹«°üÇÏ°Ô ÃßÁøµÇ¸ç, ÆòÈ­Á¤Ã¥ ½Ã ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ¹«·ÂÁõ°­°ú µµ¹ßÃ¥µ¿À» °­È­ÇÏ´Â ±âȸ·Î ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿©½ÇÈ÷ ÀÔÁõµÈ´Ù ÇϰڴÙ.

ºÏÇÙÀ¸·Î ¹Ì±¹°ú ¾È±âºÎ¸¸ ¾ÖÅ¿ö

±è¿µ»ï Á¤±Ç ÃÊ ºÏÇÙ ¹®Á¦·Î ¸Å¿ì ½Ã²ô·¯¿ü´ø 1993³â ¸», º»ÀÎÀÌ Ú¸ CIA¿Í ·£µå¿¬±¸¼Ò¸¦ ¹æ¹®ÇßÀ» ¶§ ¹Ì±¹ ÃøÀº ºÏÆøÀ» °ÅÀÇ ±âÁ¤»ç½ÇÈ­ ÇÑ µí Çß°í ´ç»ç±¹ÀÎ Çѱ¹ÀÌ ÀüÇô À§±âÀǽÄÀÌ ¾ø´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÌÇØÇϱâ Èûµé´Ù´Â Ç¥Á¤µéÀ̾ú´Ù.

´ç½Ã ¿ì¸® ÀÏÇàÀº ¹Ì±¹ ³» ºÐÀ§±â¸¦ º¸¸é¼­ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ºÏÇÑ °ø°ÝÀ¸·Î ÀÚÄ© ÀüÀïÀÌ ÀϾ ±Í±¹¸¶Àú ¾î·Á¿öÁöÁö ¾Ê°Ú´Â°¡ °ÆÁ¤ÀÌ µÉ Á¤µµ¿´´Ù. ±×·± »óȲ ¼Ó¿¡¼­µµ ºÏÇÑÀº ÇÙ °³¹ßÀ» Â÷Áú ¾øÀÌ ÃßÁøÇß´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °­°æ Á¤Ã¥¿¡ ´ëÇØ Çѱ¹ Á¤ºÎÀÇ °­ÇÑ ¹Ý´ë¿Í ³²Ãø ±¹¹ÎµéÀÇ ¹«»çÅÂÆòÇÑ ÀÚ¼¼·Î º¸¾Æ °áÄÚ ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ´ëºÏ °ø°ÝÀ» ½ÇÇöÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â Àڽۨ¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ.

¾È±âºÎ(Çö ±¹Á¤¿ø)¿¡¼­ ´ç½Ã ¿©·¯ Â÷·Ê¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ±¹È¸Á¤º¸À§¿¡ Ãâ¼®, ÇÙ°³¹ß°ú °ü·ÃµÈ Ç×°ø»çÁø µî ÀÚ·á ¹× Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇßÀ½¿¡µµ ±¹È¸ Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ ´ëºÏ ±Ôź µî ¾î¶°ÇÑ Çൿµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. û¿Í´ë´Â ¹°·Ð ¾ð·Ð ¿ª½Ã º° °ü½ÉÀ» º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¾Ö°¡ Ÿ´Â ÂÊÀº ¹Ì±¹°ú Çѱ¹ÀÇ Á¤º¸±â°ü»ÓÀ̾ú´Ù. Áö±ÝÀÇ ¿ì¸® »çȸ°¡ µ¹¾Æ°¡´Â ²Ã°ú ¶È°°¾Ò´Ù.

±èÀϼº, ÀÌÈĶôÀ» ÅëÇØ ÚÓ ´ëÅë·É ¼Ó¿©

³ª´Â ´ëÅë·É º¸°í¿ëÀ¸·Î 1972³â 5¿ù ´ç½Ã ÀÌÈĶô Á¤º¸ºÎÀåÀÌ ±èÀϼºÀ» ¸¸³ª ºñ¹Ð¸® ´ëÈ­ÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» 30ÆäÀÌÁö·Î ¿ä¾àÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ÇÙ½ÉÀû ³»¿ëÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.

¡ã6¡¤25ÀüÀïÀº ¹ÎÁ· ÅëÀÏÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼ø¼öÇÑ µ¿±â¿¡¼­ ³»°¡ ÀÏÀ¸Å² °ÍÀ̳ª ±×·Î ÀÎÇØ µ¿Á·µéÀÌ ³Ê¹« ¸¹ÀÌ Èñ»ýÀ» ÇÑ °ÍÀº ³» ½Ç¼ö´Ù ¡ã1¡¤21 û¿Í´ë ±â½À»ç°ÇÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å² ¸Íµ¿ ºÐÀÚµéÀº ¸ðµÎ ¾ö¹ú¿¡ óÇß´Ù. ¹Ú ´ëÅë·É²²´Â Áø½ÉÀ¸·Î ¹Ì¾ÈÇÏ¸ç ³» ¸»À» ´ëÅë·É²² ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀüÇØ ´Þ¶ó ¡ã°­´ë±¹ÀÇ ³ó°£¿¡ ³î¾Æ³¯ °Ô ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³²ºÏÀº À̸¦ Àû´çÈ÷ Ȱ¿ëÇÏ¿© ±×µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾ò¾î³» ÅëÀÏ ÈÄ ¿ì¸® ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ Àß »ì°Ô ¸¸µé¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù ¡ã³²ºÏÅëÀÏÀÌ µÉ ¶§±îÁö ³²ºÏ°£ ¹«·ÂÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¼±ÀÇÀÇ °æÀïÀº ÇÊ¿äÇϳª ÀüÀïÀÌ ÀϾ¼­´Â Àý´ë ¾È µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ÚÁ¤Èñ ´ëÅë·É²² ÇÊÈ÷ ¸»¾¸µå¸®µµ·Ï Ç϶ó´Â µî ¿Â°® °¨¾ðÀ̼³À» ²Ù¸ç´ò´Ù.

±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ±× ¼ø°£¿¡µµ ³²Ä§¿ë ¶¥±¼À» ÆÄ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ »ç½ÇÀ» ¿ì¸®´Â °áÄÚ Àؾ´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù.

ºÏÇÑ, 6ÀÚȸ´ã ÅëÇØ ¾öû³­ À̵æ ì°Ü

2003³â 8¿ù27ÀÏ, 6ÀÚȸ´ãÀÌ °³½ÃµÇ°í À̵éÀÌ È¸´ãÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ÀÌ¿ëÇߴ°¡¸¦ »ìÆìº¸ÀÚ.
2006³â 10¿ù9ÀÏ ºÏÇÑÀÌ ¡®1Â÷ ÇÙ½ÇÇ衯À» ÇÏÀÚ 2007³â 2¿ù13ÀÏ 6ÀÚȸ´ã¿¡¼­ ºÎ·ªºÎ·ª ºÏÇÑ¿¡ ¿¡³ÊÁö Áö¿øÀ» ¾à¼ÓÇß´Ù. 2007³â 3¿ù19ÀÏ¿¡´Â BDA(Banco Delta Asia, ¹æÄÚµ¨Å¸¾Æ½Ã¾Æ)ÀÇ Àڱݵ¿°áÀ» ¹®Á¦ »ï¾Æ ºÏÇÑÀÌ 6ÀÚ È¸´ã ¼ö¼®´ëǥȸÀÇ¿¡ ºÒÂüÇÏÀÚ ¹Ì±¹Àº 6¡¤25 BDA µ¿°á ÀÚ±ÝÀ» ºÏÇÑ °èÁ¿¡ ¼Û±ÝÇß´Ù. 2008³â 8¿ù26ÀÏ¿¡´Â Å×·¯Áö¿ø±¹ ÇØÁ¦Áö¿¬À» ¶Ç ´Ù½Ã ¹®Á¦ »ï¾Æ ÇÙ ½Ã¼³À» ¿ø»ó º¹±¸Çϰڴٰí Çù¹Ú, ¹Ì±¹Àº 10¿ù11ÀÏ ºÏÇÑ Å×·¯ Áö¿ø±¹ ÁöÁ¤À» ÇØÁ¦Çß´Ù.

±× À̵ëÇØÀÎ 2009³â 4¿ù5ÀÏ ºÏÇÑÀÇ ·ÎÄÏ ¹ß»ç½ÇÇèÀ» ³õ°í À¯¿£ ¾Èº¸¸®ÀüüȸÀÇ¿¡¼­ À̸¦ ºñ³­ÇÏ´Â ÀÇÀ强¸íÀ» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏÀÚ ºÏÇÑÀº Áï°¢ 6ÀÚȸ´ã ºÒÂü°ú ÇÙ ½Ã¼³ ¿ø»óº¹±¸¸¦ õ¸íÇϰí 4¿ù18ÀÏ¿¡´Â PSI(´ë·®»ì»ó¹«±â È®»ê¹æÁö±¸»ó)°¡ ¼±ÀüÆ÷°í¶ó°í ½Ãºñ¸¦ °É¾ú´Ù. µ¿½Ã¿¡ ´ë·ú°£ źµµ¹Ì»çÀÏ ½ÇÇèÀ» °æ°íÇϰí 5¿ù25ÀÏ ¡®2Â÷ ÇÙ½ÇÇ衯À» °¨ÇàÇÑ ÈÄ 6ÀÚȸ´ãÀ» ÀϹæÀûÀ¸·Î Å»ÅðÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¿ì¶ó´½³óÃàÀÛ¾÷ Âø¼ö¸¦ ¼±¾ðÇß´Ù.

À̵éÀº 6ÀÚȸ´ã µ¿¾È ¸ÕÀú À§ÇùÀ» ÅëÇØ Çù»ó¿¡ µé¾î°¡, º¸»óÀ» ¾ò¾î ³»¸é ¹Ù·Î ȸ´ãÀ» ÆÄÇà½ÃŰ°í ¶Ç´Ù½Ã Çù»óÀ» ÅëÇØ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ì±â´Â Áß±¹ÀÇ ¡®´ã´ãŸŸ(Ó¿Ó¿öèöè)¡¯ Àü·«À» ±×´ë·Î Ȱ¿ëÇß´Ù.

ºÏÇÑ, ÑõöÕ Áغñ ¿Ï·á´Ü°è¿¡

¹Ì±¹ ¿Ü±³Çùȸ¿¡¼­´Â 2011³â 12¿ù ÃÊ, ºÏÇÑÀ» ³»³âµµ ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ´ëºñÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ÃÖ´ë À§Çù¿äÀÎ Áß Çϳª·Î ²Å¾Ò´Ù. ÇöÀç ºÏÇÑÀÇ Á¤±Ô±ºÀº 119¸¸ ¸í, ¿¹ºñ º´·ÂÀº 770¸¸ ¸í¿¡ À̸£´Â µ¥ ºñÇØ ¿ì¸®´Â Çö¿ª 65¸¸ ¸í°ú 320¸¸ÀÇ ¿¹ºñ º´·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â ½ÇÀü Àü·Â 70%ÀÇ º¸º´°ú ±â°èÈ­ ºÎ´ë, 8000¹®ÀÇ ¾ßÆ÷, 2000´ëÀÇ ÀüÂ÷¸¦ ÈÞÀü¼± ÀÏ´ë¿¡ ¹èÄ¡ÇÏ¿© ÇÏ½Ã¶óµµ ÀüÀå¿¡ ÅõÀÔÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô Çß´Ù.

18¸¸ ¸í¿¡ À̸£´Â Ư¼öÀü º´·Â°ú »ýÈ­Çй«±â µî WMD(´ë·®»ì»ó¹«±â)°¡ °¡Àå ¹®Á¦·Î º¸ÀÌ´Â µ¥ 2500ÅæÀÇ È­Çй«±â¿Í źÀú±Õ, ÄÝ·¹¶ó, õ¿¬µÎ µî »ý¹°Çй«±â°¡ ºÐ»ê, ÀúÀåµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. Ú¸ ·£µå¿¬±¸¼Ò¿¡¼­´Â ¼­¿ïÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î 30km2¿¡ źÀú±Õ 10kgÀ» »ìÆ÷ÇßÀ» ¶§ ÃÖ°í 90¸¸ ¸í, »ç¸°(Sarin) °¡½º 1ÅæÀ» ¹Ý°æ 8km2 Áö¿ª¿¡ »ìÆ÷ÇßÀ» ¶§ 23¸¸ ¸íÀÇ »ç¸ÁÀÚ°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î Ãß»êÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

³²ÇÑÁ¤¼¼ È¥¶õÀ» ÑõöÕ ÃÖÀû½ÃÁ¡À¸·Î ¼±ÅÃ

ºÏÇÑÀÇ ½ÇÀüÀü·«(war-fighting strategy)Àº ±â½À°ø°Ý, ´Ü±â ³­ÆøÀü, ¹Ì±ºÀÇ Ãß°¡Áõ¿ø Â÷´Ü µî¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç µµ¹ßÀ» À§ÇÑ ÃÖÀûÀÇ ½ÃÁ¡Àº ³²ÇÑÁ¤¼¼°¡ È¥¶õ¿¡ ºüÁö°í µ¿¸Í±¹ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ °÷À¸·Î ¿ª·®À» ºÐ»ê½Ãų ¶§¸¦ ÅÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

À̵éÀº ½ÇÀü¿¡ µ¹ÀÔÇÏÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ »çÀ̹ö Àü·ÂÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸® ±ºÀÇ C4I ÁöÈÖÅë½Å¸Á°ú À¯µµ¹«±â¸¦ ¹«·ÂÈ­ÇÏ°í ¼öµµ±Ç Àα¸ ¹ÐÁ¢Áö¿ª¿¡ 50¸¸ ¹ßÀÇ ÁýÁß Æ÷È­¸¦ ÆÛºÎÀ¸¸é¼­ ÃÑ 20°³ÀÇ ±â°èÈ­ ¹× º¸º´±º´ÜÀÌ ÀϽÿ¡ ±â½À°ø°ÝÀ» °¡ÇÏ´Â µ¿½Ã, 10¸¸ ¿©¸íÀÇ Æ¯¼öÀü º´·ÂÀ» ¿ìȸ ħÅõ½ÃÄÑ Á¦2, Á¦3ÀÇ Àü¼±À» ±¸ÃàÇÏ¿© ¼öµµ±Ç 2000¸¸ ÁÖ¹ÎÀ» Æ÷À§ ¾Ð¹ÚÇÏ´Â ÇÑÆí ¿øÀÚ·Â ¹ßÀü¼Ò¸¦ Á¡·ÉÇÏ¿© ÆÄ±« ¾Ð¹ÚÀ» °¡ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÇÑ¹Ì ¿¬ÇÕ±ºÀÇ Ã·´ÜÀü·ÂÀ» ¹«·ÂÈ­ÇÑ´Ù´Â °èȹÀÌ´Ù.

À̵éÀÌ Á¦ÇÑÀüÀ» ÅÃÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¾ß°£¿¡ °ø±âºÎ¾çÁ¤À» ¼­ÇØ NLL ì¤Ñõ(À̳²)À¸·Î ħÅõ½ÃÄÑ ¼­ÇØ Óößì(µµ¼­)¸¦ ±â½À Á¡·ÉÇϰųª Àü±¹ ÀÏ¿ø¿¡ °ÉÃÄ Æ¯¼öÀü º´·ÂÀ» ±¹±ºÀ̳ª ¹Î°£ÀÎÀ¸·Î À§Àå ħÅõ½ÃÄÑ °Ô¸±¶óÀüÀ» ¹úÀÓÀ¸·Î½á ³²ÇÑ Àü¿ªÀ» ¾Æ¼ö¶óÀåÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé°Ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ºÏÇÑÀÇ µµ¹ß À§ÇÑ ÃÖÀû ¿©°Ç °®Ãß¾îÁ®

ºÏÇÑÀº ±¹ÁöÀûÀÎ ¹«·Â µµ¹ßÀ̵ç Àü¸éÀüÀ̵ç Áö±ÝÀÇ ³²ÇÑ Á¤¼¼¸¦ ÃÖÀûÀ¸·Î º¸°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹ÝÁ¤ºÎ, ¹Ý¹Ì°¨Á¤ÀÌ ±Ø´ëÈ­µÇ¾î Àִµ¥´Ù ¾ç±ØÈ­ Çö»óÀ¸·Î ÃÑ·ÂÀü °³³ä¿¡¼­ ÀڽŵéÀÌ Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ì¼¼ÇÏ´Ù°í º¸°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ °æÁ¦·Â¿¡¼­´Â ¹Ð¸°´Ù ÇØµµ ±â½À ´Ü±âÀü°ú °Ô¸±¶óÀüÀ» ¹èÇÕÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Ãë¾àÁ¡À» ÃæºÐÈ÷ º¸¿ÏÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ¿ª½Ã À̶óÅ©, ¾ÆÇÁ°¡´Ï½ºÅº »çÅ·ΠÀÎÇÑ °æÁ¦Àû ¼Õ½Ç°ú ±¹¹ÎµéÀÇ Úãîú(¹ÝÀü) ÀǽÄÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ ÚãÚ¸(¹Ý¹Ì) °¨Á¤À¸·Î µé²ú°í ÀÖ´Â Çѱ¹ÀÇ »óȲÀ» ³õ°í Çѹݵµ ÀüÀï °³ÀÔ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÚ±¹¹ÎµéÀ» ¼³µæÇϱⰡ ¾î·Æ´Ù.

¹Ì±¹Àº Çѱ¹¿¡¼­ À°±ºÀ» Àü¸é ö¼öÇϰí ÇØ¡¤°ø±ºÀ¸·Î Áß±¹°ú ºÏÇÑÀ» °ßÁ¦ÇÏ·Á´Â Àü·«À» ÃßÁøÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀϺ»µµ ¿ÃÇØ ÃÊ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÁöÁø°ú ¹æ»ç¼± À¯Ãâ ¹®Á¦·Î ´Ù¸¥ µ¥¿¡ ´«À» µ¹¸± ÀÔÀåÀÌ ¸ø µÉ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Àû±Ø¼º ¿©ºÎ¿¡ µû¸¦ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Çѱ¹, ¡®3´ë ¾Èº¸³«°ü·Ð¡¯¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ª¾ß

Çѹݵµ ¾Èº¸»óȲ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿ì¸® ±¹¹ÎµéÀº Å©°Ô À߸øµÈ ³«°ü·Ð ¼¼ °¡Áö¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¡®Áß±¹ÀÌ ºÏÇÑÀÇ ³²Ä§À» ºÒÇãÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °Í¡¯, ¡®Çѱ¹À» ¹ö¸®¸é ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ¼ÕÇØ¶ó´Â °Í¡¯, ¡®ºÏÇÑÀÌ 40¹è¿¡ À̸£´Â °æÁ¦·ÂÀ» °¡Áø ³²ÇÑÀ» ħ·«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù¡¯´Â Á¡ µîÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±Ù°Åµµ ¾ø´Â ³«°ü·ÐÀº ¿ì¸®¸¦ »çÁö·Î ¸ô°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¿ª»ç¸¦ º¼ ¶§ ÀüÀïÀÌ ³í¸®ÀûÀ̰í ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ¹ÙÅÁ¿¡¼­ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

´õ¿íÀÌ ºÏÇÑÀº ÀüÇô ¿¹ÃøÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ Áý´ÜÀÌ´Ù. Áß±¹ÀÇ ´ëºÏ ¾ïÁ¦·Â¿¡µµ ÇѰ谡 µå·¯³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. ºÏÇÑ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÙ Æó±â³ª °³Çõ, °³¹æ¿ä±¸°¡ ÀüÇô ¸ÔÇô µé¾î°¡Áö ¾Ê´Â »óȲÀÌ´Ù. ÀÏ´Ü ºÏÇÑÀÌ ÀÏÀ» ¹úÀ̸é Áß±¹Àº ´ë¹Ì °ßÁ¦¸¦ À§Çؼ­¶óµµ ºÏÇѰú °øµ¿¿î¸íüÀû ÀÔÀåÀ» ÃëÇÒ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù.

±èÁ¤ÀÏ, ±ºÀÇ ¡®³²Á¶¼± ÇØ¹æÀüÀ ¿ä±¸ ½Ã ¸·À» Èû ¾ø¾î

±èÁ¤ÀÏÀº °ú°Å¿¡´Â ±âÃþ°è±ÞÀ» ³ëµ¿ÀÚ, ³ó¹Î¿¡ µÎ¾úÀ¸³ª ÀÌÁ¦´Â à»ÏÚ(¼±±º)Á¤Ä¡¶ó ÇÏ¿© ±ºÀ» ÃÖ¿ìÀ§¿¡ µÎ°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª, À̰ÍÀº »ç½Ç»ó ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ Çõ¸í ³í¸®¿Í´Â ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê´Â Á¤Ã¥ÀÌ´Ù. ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ Àικ¸´Ù ±º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °­·ÂÇÑ ÁöÁö±â¹ÝÀÌ ´õ¿í ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â ¶æÀ¸·Î, ¹Ù²Ù¾î ¸»ÇÏ¸é ±èÁ¤ÀÏÀÌ ±ºÀÇ ´«Ä¡¸¦ »ìÇÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ±èÁ¤ÀÏÀÇ ÇѰèÀÌÀÚ ¿¹Ãø ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ÁþÀ» ÇÏ´Â Å« ¿øÀÎÀ̶ó°í º»´Ù.

±èÁ¤ÀÏÀÌ ¹æ¹®ÇÏ´Â ±â°üÀº °ÅÀǰ¡ ±ººÎ´ëÀÌ´Ù. ±ºÀ» ¿ÏÀü Àå¾ÇÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àå¾Ç ³ë·ÂÀ» °è¼ÓÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±ºÀÌ Èçµé¸®¸é ±èÁ¤ÀÏ Ã¼Á¦´Â °ð ¹Ù·Î ºØ±«µÈ´Ù. È£ÀüÀûÀÎ ±ºÀÇ ¿ä±¸¸¦ µé¾î ÁÙ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Â °Ô ±èÁ¤ÀÏ Ã¼Á¦ÀÇ Ãë¾àÁ¡ÀÌ´Ù. Çѹݵµ ºÒ¾ÈÀÇ °¡Àå Å« ¿äÀÎÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ Á¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÈ´Ù.

´Ü±â¡¤°Ô¸±¶óÀü¿¡¼­´Â °æÁ¦Àû ¿ìÀ§ º° ÀÇ¹Ì ¾ø¾î

¡®¿ì¸® °æÁ¦·ÂÀÇ Àý´ëÀû ¿ìÀ§·Î ÀüÀïÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù'´Â ¸»Àº ´Ü±âÀü°ú °Ô¸±¶óÀü¿¡¼­´Â ¾Æ¹«·± Àǹ̰¡ ¾ø´Ù. ´õ¿íÀÌ ºÏÇÑÀº üÁ¦ ÇѰ輱¿¡ ³õ¿© Å»Ãⱸ¸¦ ¿­¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±¾ÁÖ¸² ¹®Á¦¿Í À𽺹ΠÇõ¸íÀÇ ¿©ÆÄ¸¦ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÇØ°áÇÏ´Â µ¥´Â ±äÀå Á¶¼º ¿Ü¿¡´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ¶Ç ±èÁ¤ÀºÀ» ¿ì»óÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. Çѱ¹ÀÇ ¿¬¿¹ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ¸ø º¸°Ô ÇѴٰųª ÀüÀï ¿µÈ­¸¸ ¹æ¿µÇÏ°í °ø°³Ã³ÇüÀ» ÀÚÁÖ ÇÏ´Â °Íµµ ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·± ÀÌÀ¯´Ù.

ÀÌ·± º¹ÇÕÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦µéÀ» ÀϽÿ¡ ÇØ°áÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ °­Á¡ÀÎ ±º»ç·Â ƯÈ÷ °Ô¸±¶ó Àü·ÂÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÃÖ¼±ÀÌ´Ù.

Àü¸éÀüÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ °Ô¸±¶óÀü¿¡´Â Ú¸ÏÚ(¹Ì±º)ÀÌ °³ÀÔÇÒ ¸íºÐÀÌ ¾ø°í ¹Ì±¹Àº Á¦2ÀÇ ¿ù³²È­¸¦ °¡Àå µÎ·Á¿öÇÑ´Ù. Ú¸ ÇØ¡¤°ø±ºÀº °Ô¸±¶óÀü¿¡´Â ¾Æ¹«·± ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø°í Àü¸é ºÏÆø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸íºÐµµ ¹Ì¾àÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ ºÏÇÑÀÌ ºñ´ëĪ Àü·Â Áß Æ¯È÷ ±â½ÀħÅõ, ³­ÆøÀü°ú Ư¼öÀü ´É·ÂÀ» °­È­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µ¿ÇØ¾È Àá¼öÁ¤ ħÅõ »ç°Ç¸¸À¸·Îµµ ¿ì¸®´Â ¼ö°³ »ç´ÜÀÌ ÀÛÀü¿¡ ÅõÀÔµÇ¾î ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº ³¶ºñ¿Í È¥¶õÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ ¾Ë°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Â°¡?

¿ì¸®´Â ÏÚÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ³ª¶ó¸¦ ÁöÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù

ÁÂÆÄ Á¤±Ç 10³â, À̸í¹Ú Á¤±Ç 4³â°£ À̵éÀº ¿Â ³ª¶ó¸¦ ÁÂÀÍ¡¤Á¾ºÏ¼¼·ÂÀÇ ³îÀÌÆÇÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾î ³õ¾Ò´Ù. ºÏÇÑÀÌ ÇÙ¹«ÀåÀ» ÇÏ°í ±º»ç·ÂÀ» 3¹è³ª Áõ°­½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Â ½ÃÁ¡¿¡ ¿ì¸® Á¤ºÎ´Â ±¹°¡º¸¾È¹ý öÆó ÃßÁø, Çѹ̿¬ÇÕ»ç ÇØÃ¼, ÁÂÀÍ´Üü ÇÕ¹ýÈ­, °ø¾È´É·Â ¾àÈ­ µîÀ¸·Î ³ª¶ó¸¦ ¸ÁÃÆ´Ù.

¿©¡¤¾ß Á¤´çÀº ¿¬ÀÏ ½Î¿òÁú¸¸ ÇÏ´õ´Ï ¾îÁ¦´Â ¿ì¸® ÇØ°æÀÌ Áß±¹ ¾î¹Îµé¿¡°Ô »ìÇØ¸¦ ´çÇߴµ¥µµ Áß±¹À» ÇâÇÑ ¼º¸í ¹ßÇ¥´ÂÄ¿³ç °íÀΰú °¡Á·¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À§·ÎÀÇ ¸» ÇѸ¶µðµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. Á¤¸» 00ÇÑ Áý´ÜµéÀÌ´Ù. ±×·± 0µé¿¡°Ô ½Å¹® Áö¸éÀ» ÇÒ¾ÖÇÒ Çʿ䰡 Àְڴ°¡? »¡°»À̺¸´Ù ´õ ³ª»Û 000µéÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¨ ¿À·ÎÁö ÏÚ¹Û¿¡ ¹ÏÀ» °÷ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ±ºÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î º¸¼ö, ¿ìÀͼ¼·ÂÀÌ ¶Ê¶Ê ¹¶ÃÄ ³ª¶ó¸¦ ÁöÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. (2011. 12. 13)


,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

±è°üÁø ±¹¹æÀå°ü, ðôÝÁÀ» ñ«îØÀ¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤


'ºÏÇÑÁ¤±Ç, ðôÝÁ¼¼·Â, Çѱ¹Çö´ë»ç, ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ ¹Ù·Î ¾Ë¸®±â' ±³À°À» ¿­½ÉÈ÷ Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
ðáË£ð­

ÑѰüÁø ±¹¹æÀå°üÀÌ ÀßÇÏ´Â ÀÏ Çϳª´Â ïÙýº ±³À°. ±ºÀº ¿ä»çÀÌ '4ÓÞ ¹Ù·Î ¾Ë¸®±â'¸¦ Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. 'ºÏÇÑÁ¤±Ç, ðôÝÁ¼¼·Â, Çѱ¹Çö´ë»ç, ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ ¹Ù·Î ¾Ë¸®±â'ÀÌ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ðôÝÁ¼¼·ÂÀ» ñ«îØ(ÁÖÀû)À¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤, ÁýÁß±³À°À» ½ÃŲ´Ù. Çå¹ý Á¦5Á¶´Â ±¹±ºÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ Àǹ«¸¦ ±¹Å乿À§»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¾ÈÀüº¸ÀåÀ¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î äÌÜÁ¸¦ À§ÇùÇÏ´Â ³»ºÎÀÇ îØÀÎ ðôÝÁ¼¼·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤½Å ±³À°Àº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. Á¾ºÏ¼¼·Â ¾È¿¡ Á¤´çÀ̳ª ½Ã¹Î´Üü°¡ Æ÷ÇԵǴõ¶óµµ ±¹±ºÀº Çå¹ý»óÀÇ Àǹ«¸¦ ´ÙÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±º´ë°¡ ÏÚèâ ¹®Á¦¿¡±îÁö ½Å°æ ¾²Áö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇÏ·Á¸é ¾ð·Ð, Á¤Ä¡, °ËÂû, ±¹Á¤¿ø, °æÂûÀÌ º»¿¬ÀÇ ÀÓ¹«¸¦ ´ÙÇÏ¿© Á¾ºÏÀ» ±ÙÀý½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸°Ô ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ï ±º´ë°¡ Á¾ºÏ¼¼·Â ´ëÃ¥À» µ¶ÀÚÀûÀ¸·Î ÃßÁøÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »çȸ°¡ ÇØ°áÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ±º´ë¿¡ ¶°³Ñ±ä ¼ÀÀÌ´Ù.

±è°üÁø Àå°üÀº ÃÖ±Ù ±¹¹æÀå°üµé Áß °¡Àå ¼Ò½Å ÀÖ´Â ÁöµµÀÚ·Î ²ÅÈù´Ù. ì°Ù¥ÚÏ Á¤ºÎÀÇ µå¹® ¼º°øÀû ìÑÞÀÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. È®°íÇÑ ñ«îØÎº°ú Þçãý ¾ø°í µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ ìÑÞÀ, ºÎÇÏ¿¡ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ¹Ì·çÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÚ¼¼°¡ Á¸°æÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. À۳⠾Ƶ§¸¸ ÇØÀû ¼ÒÅÁ ÀÛÀüµµ ±×ÀÇ ÀÛǰÀ̰í, ±¹¹æºÎ°¡ ±³°úºÎ °ËÁ¤ Çѱ¹»ç ±³°ú¼­ÀÇ ¹®Á¦Á¡À» ÁöÀû, Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ½ÃÁ¤À» ¿äûÇÑ °Íµµ ±×ÀÇ Áö½Ã¿´´Ù. ¿ä»çÀÌ ±º ºÎ´ë¸¦ ¹æ¹®Çغ¸¸é ðôÝÁ¼¼·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àå±³´ÜÀÇ ÀÚ¼¼°¡ '»ì±âµîµîÇÔ'À» ´À³¢°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±è°üÁø Àå°üó·³ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ºü¸¥ ±â°£¿¡ ÀÌ·¸°Ô Å« Á¶Á÷¿¡ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸¹Àº º¯È­¸¦ °¡Á®¿Â À̵µ µå¹° °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹ÏÀ» °÷Àº ±¹±º»ÓÀ̶õ »ý°¢ÀÌ Àý·Î ³­´Ù. ±× ¶§¹®¿¡ ðôÝÁ¼¼·ÂÀº Áý¿äÇÏ°Ô ÏÚÀ» °ø°ÝÇÏ°í ¿©±â¿¡ ¸ÛûÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àΰú ¾ð·ÐÀÌ °¡¼¼Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑ Àå±³´Â "¿ì¸®°¡ °ú¿¬ ±¹¹ÎÀ» ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ȸÀǰ¡ »ý±ä´Ù"°í Çß´Ù. ±¹¹ÎÀÌ ±¹±ºÀ» °ø°ÝÇÏ´Â °Ô ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±¹¹ÎÀÇ À̸§À» µµ¿ëÇÑ ¾ð·Ð°ú Á¤Ä¡ÀεéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸ Àå±³µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÌ µ¿³×ºÏÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ý°¢À» °®°í ÀÖ´Ù.

























Hate crime


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Jump to: navigation, search


"Race hate" redirects here. For the song by Eddy Grant, see Message Man.

This article is about the crime. For the film by this name, see Hate Crime (film).






The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (September 2010)




Part of a series on



Discrimination









General forms





General[show]

¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤




Specific forms





Social[show]

¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤






Manifestations[show]

¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤






Policies[show]

( ¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
)
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤






Other forms[show]

¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤






Related topics[show]

¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤




Countermeasures





Countermeasures[show]

¡¤
¡¤
¡¤








Discrimination portal




v ¡¤
t ¡¤
e


In crime and law, hate crimes (also known as bias-motivated crimes) occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her perceived membership in a certain social group, usually defined by racial group, religion, sexual orientation, disability, class, ethnicity, nationality, age, sex, gender identity, social status or political affiliation.[1]

A hate crime is a legal category used to described bias-motivated violence: "assault, injury, and murder on the basis of certain personal characteristics: different appearance, different color, different nationality, different language, different religion."[2]

"Hate crime" generally refers to criminal acts that are seen to have been motivated by bias against one or more of the types above, or of their derivatives. Incidents may involve physical assault, damage to property, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse or insults, or offensive graffiti or letters (hate mail).[3]

A hate crime law is a law intended to prevent bias-motivated violence. Hate crime laws are distinct from laws against hate speech in that hate crime laws enhance the penalties associated with conduct that is already criminal under other laws, while hate speech laws criminalize speech.





Contents
[hide] 1 History
2 Hate crime victims
3 Psychological effects
4 Hate crime laws 4.1 Eurasia 4.1.1 European Union
4.1.2 Andorra
4.1.3 Armenia
4.1.4 Austria
4.1.5 Azerbaijan
4.1.6 Belarus
4.1.7 Belgium
4.1.8 Bosnia and Herzegovina
4.1.9 Bulgaria
4.1.10 Croatia
4.1.11 Czech Republic
4.1.12 Denmark
4.1.13 Finland
4.1.14 France
4.1.15 Georgia
4.1.16 Germany
4.1.17 Greece
4.1.18 Hungary
4.1.19 Iceland
4.1.20 Iran
4.1.21 Ireland
4.1.22 Italy
4.1.23 Kazakhstan
4.1.24 Kyrgyzstan
4.1.25 Spain
4.1.26 Sweden
4.1.27 United Kingdom 4.1.27.1 Scotland

4.1.28 Eurasian countries with no hate crime laws

4.2 North America 4.2.1 Canada
4.2.2 United States

4.3 South America 4.3.1 Brazil


5 Support and opposition to hate crime laws 5.1 Support for hate crime laws
5.2 Opposition to hate crime laws

6 See also
7 References
8 External links


[edit] History

Nazi pogroms started out as locally-sanctioned anti-Jewish activity in the early years of Nazi occupations and eventually reaching its apex in the Final Solution for the Jews.

More recently, ethnic conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina and genocide in Rwanda have been described as mass-based hate crimes, but the term "hate crime" did not really begin to be used until after World War II and the end of most major government-sanctioned racial cleansing projects that had been linked with official fascism. The term "hate crime" is now used more often than in the past mainly because the groups that used to have official endorsement under with intergovernmental and/or armed forces involvement.

Concern about hate crimes has become increasingly prominent among policymakers in many nations and at all levels of government in recent years. There have been many examples throughout modern-day Europe by groups who harass and threaten many different racial groups.[citation needed] In the United States, racial and religious biases have inspired most hate crimes.





Postcard of the Duluth lynchings of black men on June 15, 1920
Hate crimes have a history longer than the US itself. The verb lynching is derived from Charles Lynch, an 18th-century Virginia planter known for leading vigilante actions against Tories including tarring and feathering and hanging. Lynching now thus means execution outside of "ordinary justice" and is associated with weak or nonexistent police authority, like in the Old West, and racism.[2]

As Europeans began to colonize the New World in the 16th and 17th centuries, Native Americans increasingly became the targets of bias-motivated intimidation and violence. During the past two centuries, some of the more typical examples of hate crimes in the U.S. include lynchings of African Americans, cross burnings to drive black families from predominantly white neighborhoods, assaults on white people traveling in predominantly black neighborhoods, assaults on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people, the painting of swastikas on Jewish synagogues and xenophobic responses to a variety of minority ethnic groups.[4]

Examples like the murder of Channon Christian and Christopher Newsom and the Wichita Massacre tend not to be classified as "hate crimes" by U.S. investigative officials, but they have meanwhile been described as "hate crimes against whites by blacks" by right-wing commentators such as David Horowitz (a right-wing author and academic) and Michelle Malkin (a commentator for the Fox News channel and a prolific conservative author). The district attorneys in both these cases have specifically stated that while these incidents were indeed horrible, and had tremendous impacts on the communities affected by them, neither displayed evidence of being black-on-white racism, either upon initial or more in-depth review.

[edit] Hate crime victims





Anti-Semitic graffiti in Kiev.
In the United States, racist anti-black bias is the most frequently reported hate crime motivation. Of the 8,208 hate crimes reported to the FBI in 2010, 48.2% were race related - with 70.0% of those having an anti-black bias.[5] Other frequently reported bias motivations were anti-white, anti-Jewish, anti-Islamic, anti-homosexual, and anti-Hispanic.[5]

[edit] Psychological effects

From a psychological standpoint, hate crimes may have extreme consequences. A manual issued by the Attorney-General of the Province of Ontario in Canada lists the following consequences:[6]
effects on people – psychological and affective disturbances repercussion on the victim's identity and self-esteem both reinforced by the degree of violence of a hate crime, usually stronger than that of a common one.
effect on the targeted group – generalized terror in the group to which the victim belongs, inspiring feelings of vulnerability over the other members, who could be the next victims.
effect on other vulnerable groups – ominous effects over minority groups or over groups that identify themselves with the targeted one, especially when the referred hate is based on an ideology or doctrine that preaches simultaneously against several groups.

[edit] Hate crime laws

Hate crime laws generally fall into one of several categories:
1.laws defining specific bias-motivated acts as distinct crimes
2.criminal penalty-enhancement laws
3.laws creating a distinct civil cause of action for hate crimes and
4.laws requiring administrative agencies to collect hate crime statistics.[7] Sometimes (as in Bosnia and Herzegovina), the laws focus on war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity with the prohibition against discriminatory action limited to public officials.

[edit] Eurasia

[edit] European Union

Since 2002, with an amendment to the Convention on Cybercrime, the European Union mandates individual states to punish as a crime hate speech done through the internet.[8]

[edit] Andorra

Discriminatory acts constituting harassment or infringement of a person's dignity on the basis of origin, citizenship, race, religion, or sex (Penal Code Article 313). Courts have cited bias-based motivation in delivering sentences, but there is no explicit penalty enhancement provision in the Criminal Code. The government does not track hate crime statistics, although they are relatively rare.[7]

[edit] Armenia

Armenia has a penalty-enhancement statute for crimes with ethnic, racial, or religious motives (Criminal Code Article 63).[7]

[edit] Austria

Austria has a penalty-enhancement statute for crimes with racist or xenophobic motivation (Penal Code section 33(5)).[7]

[edit] Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan has a penalty-enhancement statute for crimes motivated by racial, national, or religious hatred (Criminal Code Article 61). Murder and infliction of serious bodily injury motivated by racial, religious, national, or ethnic intolerance are distinct crimes (Article 111).[7]

[edit] Belarus

Belarus has a penalty-enhancement statute for crimes motivated by racial, national, and religious hatred and discord.[7][9]

[edit] Belgium

Belgium's Act of 25 February 2003 (¡°"aimed at combating discrimination and modifying the Act of 15 February 1993 which establishes the Centre for Equal Opportunities and the Fight against Racism"¡±) establishes a penalty-enhancement for crimes involving discrimination on the basis of sex, supposed race, color, descent, national or ethnic origin, sexual orientation, civil status, birth, fortune, age, religious or philosophical beliefs, current or future state of health and handicap or physical features. The Act also "provides for a civil remedy to address discrimination."[7] The Act, along with the Act of 20 January 2003 ("on strengthening legislation against racism"), requires the Centre to collect and publish statistical data on racism and discriminatory crimes.[7]

[edit] Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Criminal Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina (enacted 2003) "contains provisions prohibiting discrimination by public officials on grounds, inter alia, of race, skin colour, national or ethnic background, religion and language and prohibiting the restriction by public officials of the language rights of the citizens in their relations with the authorities (Article 145/1 and 145/2).¡±"[10]

[edit] Bulgaria

Bulgarian criminal law prohibits certain crimes motivated by racism and xenophobia, but a 1999 report by the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance found that it does not appear that those provisions "have ever resulted in convictions before the courts in Bulgaria."[11]

[edit] Croatia

Croatian Penal code explicitly defines hate crime in article 89 as "any crime committed out of hatred for someones race, skin color, sex, sexual orientation, language, religion, political or other belief, national or social background, asset, birth, education, social condition, age, health condition or other attribute".[12] On 1 January 2013 new Penal code will be introduced with the recognition of a hate crime based on a "race, skin color, religion, national or ethnic background, sexual orientation or gender identity".[13]

[edit] Czech Republic

"The Czech Criminal Code defines racist motivation as a specific aggravating circumstance that judges are required to take into account in sentencing, as well as defining specific racist acts as crimes. Section 196 punishes ¡°'violence against a group of inhabitants and against individuals on the basis of race, nationality, political conviction or religion.¡±'"[7]

[edit] Denmark

Although Danish law does not include explicit hate crime provisions, "section 80(1) of the Criminal Code instructs courts to take into account the gravity of the offence and the offender's motive when meting out penalty, and therefore to attach importance to the racist motive of crimes in determining sentence."[14] In recent years judges have used this provision to increase sentences on the basis of racist motives.[7][15]

Since 1992, the Danish Civil Security Service (PET) has released statistics on crimes with apparent racist motivation.[7]

[edit] Finland

Finnish Criminal Code 515/2003 (enacted January 31, 2003) makes "committing a crime against a person, because of his national, racial, ethnical or equivalent group" an aggravating circumstance in sentencing.[7][16] In addition, ethnic agitation (Finnish: kiihotus kansanryhmää vastaan) is criminalized and carries a fine or a prison sentence of not more than two years. The prosecution need not prove that an actual danger to an ethnic group is caused but only that malicious message is conveyed. A more aggravated hate crime, warmongering (Finnish: sotaan yllyttäminen), carries a prison sentence of one to ten years. However, in case of warmongering, the prosecution must prove an overt act that evidently increases the risk that Finland is involved in a war or becomes a target for a military operation. The act in question may consist of
1.illegal violence directed against foreign country or her citizens,
2.systematic dissemination of false information on Finnish foreign policy or defence
3.public influence on the public opinion towards a pro-war viewpoint or
4.public suggestion that a foreign country or Finland should engage in an aggressive act.[17]

[edit] France

In 2003, France enacted penalty-enhancement hate crime laws for crimes motivated by bias against the victim's actual or perceived ethnicity, nation, race, religion, or sexual orientation. The penalties for murder were raised from 30 years (for non-hate crimes) to life imprisonment (for hate crimes), and the penalties for violent attacks leading to permanent disability were raised from 10 years (for non-hate crimes) to 15 years (for hate crimes).[7][18]

[edit] Georgia

"There is no general provision in Georgian law for racist motivation to be considered an aggravating circumstance in prosecutions of ordinary offenses. Certain crimes involving racist motivation are, however, defined as specific offenses in the Georgian Criminal Code of 1999, including murder motivated by racial, religious, national or ethnic intolerance (article 109) infliction of serious injuries motivated by racial, religious, national or ethnic intolerance (article 117) and torture motivated by racial, religious, national or ethnic intolerance (article 126). ECRI reported no knowledge of cases in which this law has been enforced. There is no systematic monitoring or data collection on discrimination in Georgia."[7]

[edit] Germany

The German Criminal Code does not have hate crime legislation, but instead criminalizes hate speech under a number of different laws, including Volksverhetzung. In the German legal framework motivation is not taken into account while identifying the element of the offence. However, within the sentencing procedure the judge can define certain principles for determining punishment. In section 46 of the German Criminal Code it is stated that "the motives and aims of the perpetrator the state of mind reflected in the act and the wilfulness involved in its commission."[19] can be taken into consideration when determining the punishment under this statute, hate and bias have been taken into consideration in sentencing in past cases.[20]

Hate crimes are not specifically tracked by German police, but have been studied separately: a recently published EU "Report on Racism" finds that racially motivated attacks are frequent in Germany, identifying 18142 incidences for 2006, of which 17597 were motivated by right wing ideologies, both about a 14% year-by-year increase.[21] Relative to the size of the population, this represents an eightfold higher rate of hate crimes than reported in the US during the same period.[22] Awareness of hate crimes and right-wing extremism in Germany remains low.[23]

[edit] Greece

Article Law 927/1979 "Section 1,1 penalises incitement to discrimination, hatred or violence towards individuals or groups because of their racial, national or religious origin, through public written or oral expressions Section 1,2 prohibits the establishment of, and membership in, organisations which organise propaganda and activities aimed at racial discrimination Section 2 punishes public expression of offensive ideas Section 3 penalises the act of refusing, in the exercise of one¡¯s occupation, to sell a commodity or to supply a service on racial grounds."[24] Public prosecutors may press charges even if the victim does not file a complaint. However, as of 2003, no convictions had been attained under the law.[25]

[edit] Hungary

Violent action, cruelty, and coercion by threat made on the basis of the victim's actual or perceived national, ethnic, religious status or membership in a particular social group are punishable under article 174/B of the Hungarian Criminal Code.[7]

[edit] Iceland

Section 233a of the Icelandic Penal Code states "Anyone who in a ridiculing, slanderous, insulting, threatening or any other manner publicly abuses a person or a group of people on the basis of their nationality, skin colour, race, religion or sexual orientation, shall be fined or jailed for up to two years."[26]

[edit] Iran

The Iranian constitution, article 14 states: "In accordance with the sacred verse 'God does not forbid you to deal kindly and justly with those who have not fought against you because of your religion and who have not expelled you from your homes' [60:8], the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and all Muslims are duty-bound to treat non-Muslims in conformity with ethical norms and the principles of Islamic justice and equity, and to respect their human rights. This principle applies to all who refrain from engaging in conspiracy or activity against Islam and the Islamic Republic of Iran."[27]

[edit] Ireland

"The Prohibition of Incitement to Hatred Act 1989" makes it an offense to incite hatred against any group of persons on account of their race, color, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, ethnic or national origins, or membership of the Traveller community, an indigenous minority group."[7]

Ireland does not systematically collect hate crime data.[7]

[edit] Italy

Italian criminal law, at Section 3 of Law No. 205/1993, the so-called Legge Mancino (Mancino law), contains a penalty-enhancement provision for all crimes motived by racial, ethnic, national, or religious bias.[7]

[edit] Kazakhstan

In Kazakhstan, there are constitutional provisions prohibiting propaganda promoting racial or ethnic superiority.[7]

[edit] Kyrgyzstan

In Kyrgyzstan, "the Constitution of the State party prohibits any kind of discrimination on grounds of origin, sex, race, nationality, language, faith, political or religious convictions or any other personal or social trait or circumstance, and that the prohibition against racial discrimination is also included in other legislation, such as the Civil, Penal and Labour Codes."[28]

Article 299 of the Criminal Code defines incitement to national, racist, or religious hatred as a specific offense. This article has been used in political trials of suspected members of the banned organization Hizb-ut-Tahrir.[7][29]

[edit] Spain

Article 22(4) of the Spanish Penal Code includes a penalty-enhancement provision for crimes motivated by bias against the victim's ideology, beliefs, religion, ethnicity, race, nationality, gender, sexual orientation, illness, or disability.[7]

[edit] Sweden

Article 29 of the Swedish Penal Code includes a penalty-enhancement provision for crimes motivated by bias against the victim's race, color, nationality, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, or "other circumstance" of the victim.[7]

[edit] United Kingdom

For England, Wales, and Scotland, the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 makes hateful behaviour towards a victim based on the victim¡¯s membership (or presumed membership) in a racial group or a religious group an aggravation in sentencing for specified crimes.[30] For Northern Ireland, Public Order (Northern Ireland) Order 1987 (S.I. 1987/463 (N.I. 7)) serves the same purpose.[31] A ¡°racial group¡± is a group of persons defined by reference to race, colour, nationality (including citizenship) or ethnic or national origins. A ¡°religious group¡± is a group of persons defined by reference to religious belief or lack of religious belief. The specified crimes are assault, criminal damage, offences under the Public Order Act 1986, and offences under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997.

The Criminal Justice Act 2003 requires a court to consider whether a crime which is not specified by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 is racially or religiously aggravated. The Act requires a court also to consider whether the following circumstances were pertinent to the crime:
(a) that, at the time of committing the offence, or immediately before or after doing so, the offender demonstrated towards the victim of the offence hostility based on— (i) the sexual orientation (or presumed sexual orientation) of the victim, or (ii) a disability (or presumed disability) of the victim, or (b) that the offence is motivated (wholly or partly)— (i) by hostility towards persons who are of a particular sexual orientation, or (ii) by hostility towards persons who have a disability or a particular disability.[32][33]
[edit] Scotland

In Scottish Common law[citation needed] the courts can take any aggravating factor into account when sentencing someone found guilty of an offence. There is specific legislation dealing with the offences of incitement of racial hatred, racially-aggravated harassment and offences aggravated by religious prejudice. A Scottish Executive working group examined the issue of hate crime and ways of combating crime motivated by social prejudice, reporting in 2004.[34] Its main recommendations were not implemented, but in their manifestos for the Scottish Parliament election, 2007 several political parties included commitments to legislate in this area, including the Scottish National Party who now form the Scottish Government. The Offences (Aggravation by Prejudice) (Scotland) Bill was introduced on 19 May 2008 by Patrick Harvie MSP,[35] having been prepared with support from the Scottish Government, and was passed unanimously by the parliament on 3 June 2009.[36]

[edit] Eurasian countries with no hate crime laws

Albania, Cyprus, Estonia, San Marino, Slovenia and Turkey have no hate crime laws.[7]

[edit] North America

[edit] Canada

¡°In Canada the legal definition of hate crime can be found in sections 318 and 319 of the Criminal Code¡±. [37]

In 1996 the federal government amended a section of the Criminal Code that pertains to sentencing. Specifically, section 718.2. The section states (with regard to the hate crime):

A court that imposes a sentence shall also take into consideration the following principles:

(a) a sentence should be increased or reduced to account for any relevant aggravating or mitigating circumstances relating to the offence or the offender, and, without limiting the generality of the foregoing,

(i) evidence that the offence was motivated by bias, prejudice or hate based on race, national or ethnic origin, language, colour, religion, sex, age, mental or physical disability, sexual orientation, or any other similar factor, . . . shall be deemed to be aggravating circumstances.' [37]

A vast majority (84 per cent) of Hate crime perpetrators were ¡°male, with an average age of just under 30. Less than 10 of those accused had criminal records, and less than 5 per cent had previous hate crime involvement (ibid O¡¯Grady 2010 page 163.).¡± [38] ¡°Only 4 percent of hate crimes were linked to an organized or extremist group (Silver et al., 2004).¡± [39]

As of 2004, Jewish people were the largest ethnic group targeted by hate crimes, followed by blacks, Muslims, South Asians, and gays and lesbians (Silver et al., 2004).[39]

Historically, hate crime has been around for a long time, yet it was most noticed when the lynching of African Americans by white racists took place, an example of what today we call hate crime. Hate related violence also has a historical root in Canada. In the 1920s and 1930s, anti-Semitism was a major deal in Canada, due to the rise of the Nazi government in Germany. For example, on August 16, 1933 there was a baseball game in Toronto and one team was made up of mostly Jewish players. At the end of the game, a group of Nazi sympathizers unfolded a Swastika flag and shouted ¡®Heil Hitler¡¯. That event erupted into a brawl that had Jews and Italians against Anglo Canadians and the brawl went on for hours.[37]

The first time someone was charged with hate crime over the internet occurred on 27 March 1996. ¡°A Winnipeg teenager was arrested by the police for sending an email to a local political activist that contained the message ¡®Death to homosexuals¡¯ it¡¯s prescribed in the Bible! Better watch out next Gay Pride Week.¡¯ (Nairne, 1996).¡± Pg.162[39]

Robert suggests that ¡°Canada lags behind other nations in collecting comprehensive statistics on hate crime.¡± [40][context?]

[edit] United States

Main article: Hate crime laws in the United States

Hate crime laws have a long history in the United States. The first hate crime laws were passed after the American Civil War. The modern era of hate-crime legislation was begun in 1968 with the passage of federal statute, 18 U.S. 245, part of the Civil Rights Act which made it illegal to "by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone who is engaged in six specified protected activities, by reason of their race, color, religion, or national origin." However, "The prosecution of such crimes must be certified by the U.S. attorney general.".[41]

The first state hate-crime statute, California's Section 190.2, was passed in 1978 and provided for penalty enhancement in cases where murder was motivated by prejudice against four "protected status" categories: race, religion, color, and national origin. Washington included ancestry in a statute passed in 1981. Alaska included creed and sex in 1982 and later disability, sexual orientation, and ethnicity. In the 1990s some state laws began to include age, marital status, membership in the armed forces, and membership in civil rights organizations.[42]

Criminal acts which could be considered hate crimes in various states included aggravated assault, assault and battery, vandalism, rape, threats and intimidation, arson, trespassing, stalking, and various "lesser" acts until in 1987 California state legislation included all crimes as possible hate crimes.[43]

Defined in the 1999 National Crime Victim Survey, "A hate crime is a criminal offense. In the United States, federal prosecution is possible for hate crimes committed on the basis of a person's race, religion, or nation origin when engaging in a federally protected activity." In 2009, the Matthew Shepard Act added perceived gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, and disability to the federal definition, and dropped the prerequisite that the victim be engaging in a federally-protected activity.

Forty-five states and the District of Columbia have statutes criminalizing various types of hate crimes. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia have statutes creating a civil cause of action in addition to the criminal penalty for similar acts. Twenty-seven states and the District of Columbia have statutes requiring the state to collect hate crime statistics.[44]

According to the FBI Hate Crime Statistics report for 2006, hate crimes increased nearly 8% nationwide, with a total of 7,722 incidents and 9,080 offenses reported by participating law enforcement agencies. Of the 5,449 crimes against persons, 46% were classified as intimidation and 31.9% as simple assaults. 81% of the 3,593 crimes against property were acts of vandalism or destruction.[45]

However, according to the FBI Hate Crime Statistics for 2007, the number of hate crimes decreased to 7,624 incidents reported by participating law enforcement agencies.[46] These incidents included 9 murders and 2 rapes(out of the almost 17,000 murders and 90,000 forcible rapes committed in the U.S. in 2007).[47]

Attorney General Eric Holder said in June 2009 that recent killings show the need for a tougher U.S. hate crimes law to stop "violence masquerading as political activism".[48]

[edit] South America

[edit] Brazil

In Brazil, hate crime laws focus on racism, racial injury, and other special bias-motivated crimes such as, for example, murder by death squads[49] and genocide on the grounds of nationality, ethnicity, race or religion.[50] Murder by death squads and genocide are legally classified as "hideous crimes" (crimes hediondos in Portuguese).[51]

The crimes of racism and racial injury, although similar, are enforced slightly differently.[52] Article 140, 3rd paragraph, of the Penal Code establishes a harsher penalty, from a minimum of 1 year to a maximum of 3 years, for injuries motivated by "elements referring to race, color, ethnicity, religion, origin, or the condition of being an aged or disabled person".[53] On the other side, Law 7716/1989 covers "crimes resulting from discrimination or prejudice on the grounds of race, color, ethnicity, religion, or national origin".[54]

In addition, the Brazilian Constitution defines as a "fundamental goal of the Republic" (Article 3rd, clause IV) "to promote the wealth of all, with no prejudice as to origin, race, sex, color, age, and any other forms of discrimination".[55]

[edit] Support and opposition to hate crime laws








This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
It may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Tagged since June 2009.
It may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Tagged since June 2009.


[edit] Support for hate crime laws

Justifications for harsher punishments for hate crimes focus on the notion that hate crimes cause greater individual and societal harm. It is said that, when the core of a person¡¯s identity is attacked, the degradation and dehumanization is especially severe, and additional emotional and physiological problems are likely to result. Society then, in turn, can suffer from the disempowerment of a group of people. Furthermore, it is asserted that the chances for retaliatory crimes are greater when a hate crime has been committed. The riots in Los Angeles, California that followed the beating of Rodney King, a Black motorist, by a group of White police officers are cited as support for this argument.[4] The beating of white truck driver Reginald Denny by black rioters during the same riot is also an example that would support this argument.

In Wisconsin v. Mitchell the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously found that penalty-enhancement hate crime statutes do not conflict with free speech rights, because they do not punish an individual for exercising freedom of expression rather, they allow courts to consider motive when sentencing a criminal for conduct which is not protected by the First Amendment.[56]

[edit] Opposition to hate crime laws

The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously found the St. Paul Bias-Motivated Crime Ordinance amounted to viewpoint-based discrimination is in conflict with rights of free speech, because it selectively criminalized bias-motivated speech or symbolic speech for disfavored topics while permitting such speech for other topics.[57] Many critics further assert that it conflicts with an even more fundamental right: free thought. The claim is that hate-crime legislation effectively makes certain ideas or beliefs, including religious ones, illegal, in other words, thought crimes.[58][59][60][61][62][63][64]

In their book Hate Crimes: Criminal Law and Identity Politics, James B. Jacobs and Kimberly Potter criticize hate crime legislation for exacerbating conflicts between groups. They assert that by defining crimes as being committed by one group against another, rather than as being committed by individuals against their society, the labeling of crimes as ¡°hate crimes¡± causes groups to feel persecuted by one another, and that this impression of persecution can incite a backlash and thus lead to an actual increase in crime.[65] Some have argued hate crime laws bring the law into disrepute and further divide society, as groups apply to have their critics silenced.[66] Some have argued that if it is true that all violent crimes are the result of the perpetrator's contempt for the victim, then all crimes are hate crimes. Thus, if there is no alternate rationale for prosecuting some people more harshly for the same crime based on who the victim is, then different defendants are treated unequally under the law, which violates the United States Constitution.[67]

[edit] See also
Disability hate crime
Fighting Discrimination
Hate speech
LGBT rights by country or territory
Terrorism
Thoughtcrime
Violent Radicalization and Homegrown Terrorism Prevention Act of 2007

[edit] References






This article uses bare URLs for citations. Please consider adding full citations so that the article remains verifiable. Several templates and the Reflinks tool are available to assist in formatting. (Reflinks documentation) (November 2011)


1.^ Stotzer, R.: "Comparison of Hate Crime Rates Across Protected and Unprotected Groups", Williams Institute, 2007󈝲. Retrieved on 2012-03-17. "A hate crime or bias motivated crime occurs when the perpetrator of the crime intentionally selects the victim because of his or her membership in a certain group."
2.^ a b Streissguth, Tom (2003). Hate Crimes (Library in a Book), p.3. ISBN 0-8160-4879-7.
3.^ Hate crime, Home Office
4.^ a b "A Policymaker's Guide to Hate Crimes" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-11-14.
5.^ a b "Hate Crime Statistics, 2010". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
6.^ "MANUEL DES POLITIQUES DE LA COURONNE" (in French) (PDF). 21 mars 2005. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
7.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Microsoft Word – Everyday Fears FINAL for web.doc[dead link]
8.^ Arias, Martha L. INTERNET LAW - The European Union Criminalizes Acts of Racism and Xenophobia Committed through Computer Systems, April 20, 2011
9.^ Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus, ¡× 64 (1), para. 9 (translated from the Russian), June 9, 1999.
10.^ Office of the High Representative, Criminal Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina, January 2003.
11.^ ECRI, ¡°Second Report on Bulgaria,¡± adopted on June 18, 1999, and made public on March 21, 2000.
12.^ "71 28.6.2006 Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Kaznenog zakona". Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 2006-06-28. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
13.^ "Centar za LGBT ravnopravnost » Vlada prihvatila prijedloge Centra za LGBT ravnopravnost". Ravnopravnost.hr. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
14.^ ECRI, ¡°Second Report on Denmark,¡± adopted on June 16, 2000, and made public on April 3, 2001, para. 9.
15.^ Chahrokh, Klug, and Bilger, Migrants, Minorities, and Legislation.
16.^ EUMC, ¡°Racism and xenophobia in the E.U.,¡± p. 51.
17.^ Penal Code (39/1889) as of 1006/2004. ¡×¡× 6:5.1.4 (ethnic hatred as an aggravating factor), 11:8 (ethnic agitation) and 12:2 (warmongering). The points cited remain in force on the day of retrieval, checked from the Finnish version: Rikoslaki. The Government proposal HE 55/2007 will move the ¡× 11:8 to ¡×11:10 without changing the content, if the proposal is passed by the Parliament of Finland. Retrieved 11-23-2007.
18.^ Loi n¡Æ 2003󈟄 du 3 février 2003 visant à aggraver les peines punissant les infractions à caractère raciste, antisémite ou xénophobe
19.^ "Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch, StGB)". Iuscomp.org. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
20.^ Marc Coester (2008): Das Konzept der Hate Crimes aus den USA unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Rechtsextremismus in Deutschland. Peter Lang: Frankfurt/Berlin/Bern/Bruxelles/New York/Oxford/Wien
21.^ "EU Xenophobia Report: Racism On the Rise in Germany - SPIEGEL ONLINE - News - International". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
22.^ "FBI — 2006 Hate Crime in the U.S". Fbi.gov. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
23.^ "SPIEGEL ONLINE Interview with Racism Expert: 'Awareness of Ethnic Discrimination Is Low in Germany' - SPIEGEL ONLINE - News - International". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
24.^ ECRI, ¡°Second Report on Greece,¡± adopted on 1999-12-10, and made public on 2000-06-27.
25.^ Sitaropoulos, N.: ¡°Executive Summary on Race Equality Directive, State of Play in Greece, section 5, 2003-10-12. Retrieved on 2007-08-02.
26.^ "Icelandic Penal Code (in Icelandic)". Althingi.is. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
27.^ Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL.M.. "ICL – Iran – Constitution". Servat.unibe.ch. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
28.^ CERD, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 9 of the Convention Concluding Observations: Kyrgyzstan, 1999. Retrieved on 2007-08-02.
29.^ ¡°Human Rights in the OSCE Region: Europe, Central Asia and North America, Report 2004 (Events of 2003), International Helsinki Federation,¡± 2004-06-23. Retrieved on 2007-08-02.
30.^ Crime and Disorder Act 1998. The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (c. 24) amended sections of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2001/ukpga_20010024_en_5
31.^ Public Order (Northern Ireland) Order 1987.
32.^ Sections 145 and 146 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003.
33.^ "Hate crime" legislation is distinct from "hate speech" legislation. See Hate speech laws in the United Kingdom.
34.^ [1][dead link]
35.^ Offences (Aggravation by Prejudice) (Scotland) Bill
36.^ MSPs approve new hate crime laws BBC News 3 June 2009
37.^ a b c O'Grady, William (2011). Crime In Canadian Context: debates and controversies. Oxford University Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-19-543378-4.
38.^ O'Grady, William (2011). Crime In Canadian Context: debates and controversies. Oxford University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-19-543378-4.
39.^ a b c O'Grady, William (2011). Crime In Canadian Context: debates and controversies. Oxford University Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-19-543378-4.
40.^ O'Grady, William (2011). Crime In Canadian Context: debates and controversies. Oxford University Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-19-543378-4.
41.^ Streissguth (2003), p.20.
42.^ Streissguth (2003), p.20-21.
43.^ Streissguth (2003), p.21.
44.^ State Hate Crime Laws, Anti-Defamation League, June 2006. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
45.^ Statistics, 2006 Hate Crime Statistics, 2006, Federal Bureau of Investigation
46.^ Statistics, 2007 Hate Crime Statistics, 2007, Federal Bureau of Investigation
47.^ Statistics, 2007 FBI Crime in the United States 2007, Federal Bureau of Investigation
48.^ "Attorney general urges new hate crimes law – Crime & courts- msnbc.com". MSNBC. 2009-06-16. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
49.^ (Portuguese) http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/L8072.htm (Law 8072/1990, Article 1st, I)
50.^ (Portuguese) http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/L2889.htm (Law 2889/1956, Article 1st)
51.^ Law 8072/1990 (aforementioned link), Article 1st, I and single paragraph.
52.^ (Portuguese) http://www.boletimjuridico.com.br/doutrina/texto.asp?id=662
53.^ (Portuguese) http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Decreto-Lei/Del2848compilado.htm
54.^ (Portuguese) http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/L7716.htm
55.^ (Portuguese) http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiçao_Compilado.htm
56.^ "Wisconsin v. Mitchell". Enotes.com. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
57.^ R. A. V. v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992).
58.^ The Essayist (1998). Hate Crime Premise. 24 Jul. 1998.
59.^ Evenson, Brad (2003). Looking for thoughtcrime to crimestop. National Post. February 8, 2003.
60.^ Schwartz, L., I.T. Ulit, & D. Morgan (2006). "Straight talk about hate crimes bills: Anti-gay, anti-transgender bias stall federal hate crimes legislation". Georgetown Journal of Gender & the Law 7 (2): 171?.
61.^ Icke, David (2003). Tales from the Time Loop. Bridge of Love. ISBN 0-9538810-4-0. [2]
62.^ Smith, Peter J. (2007). Democrats refuse religious freedom amendment to hate crimes bill. LifeSite, 26 April 2007.
63.^ Kamine, Wendy. The Return of the Thought Police: "Hate crime" legislation is an assault on civil liberties. The Wall Street Journal. October 28, 2007.
64.^ Wolski, Chris (1999). Hate Crime Laws Will Spawn Thought Police. Capitalism Magazine Website. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
65.^ Jacobs, James B. & Kimberly Potter. (1998). Hate Crimes: Criminal Law and Identity Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 130?
66.^ Troy, Daniel E. (1999-08-04). "AEI – Short Publications". Aei.org. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
67.^ "Constitutional Challenges to Hate Crimes Statutes". Adl.org. Retrieved 2011-11-14.

[edit] External links
hate-crime.org
Hate crimes information, by Dr. Gregory Herek
Hate Crime Survey, annual Human Rights First report on the prevalence of hate crimes in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe region.
Hate Crime Statistics, annual FBI/U.S. Department of Justice report on the prevalence of hate crimes in the United States. Required by the Hate Crime Statistics Act.
A Policymaker's Guide to Hate Crimes, a publication by the National Criminal Justice Reference Service, part of the U.S. Department of Justice. Many parts of this article have been adapted from this document.
Tolerance.org, a web project sponsored by the Southern Poverty Law Center
Peabody, Michael "Thought & Crime," Liberty Magazine, March/April 2008, review of recently proposed hate crime legislation and criminal intent issues.
[3], a video focusing on the hate crimes incited by KABC 790 AM shock jock Doug McIntyre against a Los Angeles charter school, Academia Semillas del Pueblo, in 2006.
"Hate Crime." Oxford Bibliographies Online: Criminology.






[show]
v ¡¤
t ¡¤
e

Racism


















































































[show]
v ¡¤
t ¡¤
e

Abuse
































[show]
v ¡¤
t ¡¤
e

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) topics











¡¤








¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤













¡¤








¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
()
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤













¡¤















¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤











¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤


















¡¤
¡¤
¡¤








¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤












¡¤
¡¤
¡¤





























¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤














¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤











¡¤











¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤











¡¤














¡¤















¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤











¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤











¡¤
¡¤






















¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤













¡¤
¡¤















¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤











¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤











¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤










¡¤









View page ratings



Rate this page



What's this?






Trustworthy
















Objective
















Complete

















Well-written

















I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional)












Submit ratings













































Categories: Hate crime
Crimes
Crime by type
Abuse
LGBT rights by issue





















Log in / create account




Article
Talk










Read
Edit
View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia


Interaction

Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact Wikipedia


Toolbox










Print/export






Languages

العربية
Česky
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Français
Çѱ¹¾î
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
ìíÜâåÞ
‪Norsk (bokmål)‬
Polski
Português
¬²¬å¬ã¬ã¬Ü¬Ú¬Û
Simple English
¬³¬â¬á¬ã¬Ü¬Ú / Srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
粵åÞ
ñéÙþ

This page was last modified on 19 March 2012 at 13:57.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details.
Wikipedia¢ç is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Contact us
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Mobile view





  • Æ®À§ÅÍ
  • ÆäÀ̽ººÏ
  • ¡èÀ§·Î
Copyright ¨Ï Á¶°©Á¦´åÄÄ - ¹«´ÜÀüÀç ¹× Àç¹èÆ÷ ±ÝÁö
´ñ±Û´Þ±â ´ñ±Û¾²±â ÁÖÀÇ»çÇ×

´ñ±Û´Þ±â´Â ·Î±×ÀÎÈÄ »ç¿ëÇÏ½Ç ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ³»¿ëÀº 100ÀÚ À̳»·Î Àû¾îÁֽʽÿÀ. ±¤°í, ¿å¼³, ºñ¼Ó¾î, ÀνŰø°Ý°ú ÇØ´ç ±Û°ú °ü·Ã ¾ø´Â ±ÛÀº »çÀüÅ뺸¾øÀÌ »èÁ¦µË´Ï´Ù.

PC ¹öÀü