30-7-133

France, too, resorted to unusual measures. After the bombing of the French Chamber of Deputies, 2,000 warrants were issued, anarchist clubs and cafes were raided, papers were closed down and August Vaillant, the bomber, was tried, found guilty and sentenced to death in a day. An apologist who de-clared that not a single man in France would grieve for the president if he confirmed the sentence (as he did), was jailed for two years for incitement to murder. The French parliament made it a crime not just to incite sedition but also to justify it. Criminal 'associations of malefactors' were defined by intent rather than by action, and all acts of anarchist propaganda were banned.

Similarly, in Britain soon after last month's bombings, the prime minister, Tony Blair announced that 'condoning or glorifying terrorism anywhere, not just in the United Kingdom, would become a crime. Places of worship used as centres for 'fermenting extremism' are to be closed down. Measures will be taken to deport foreigners 'fostering hatred, advocating violence to further a person's beliefs, or justifying or validating such violence.' Naturalised Britons engaged in 'extremism' will be stripped of their citizenship.

Jihadists, of course, cross borders, and many are presumed to be indoctrinated by foreigners, even if they commit their deeds at home. So it was too with the anarchists, even though they often plotted and acted alone. Many of the ideas came from Russia. Besides Bakunin, Russia also produced Kropotkin, 'an uncompromising apostle of the necessity of violence', according to Barbara Tuchman in Proud Tower.

A. 어휘

resort to ...에 호소하다. unusual measures 특별조치. warrant 영장, 소환장, 권능.

issue 발급하다. raid 습격하다. papers 신문, 잡지. close down 폐쇄하다.

guilty 유죄의. apologist 변명자. de-clare 선언하다. grieve 슬퍼하다. confirm 확인하다.

incitement 敎唆(교사), 격려, 자극. parliament 의회. sedition 폭동선동.

malefactor 범죄자. define 정의하다.

“associations of malefactors” 범죄자 연합회. ban 금지하다.

condone 용서하다, 눈감아 주다. worship 예배. ferment 부채질하다, 발효시키다.

extremism 극단주의, 과격주의. deport [국외로]追放(추방)하다. foster 助長(조장)하다.

further 촉진하다, 추진하다. validate [법적으로]...을 유효하게 하다, 확인하다

naturalize 歸化(귀화)하다. naturalised Britons 귀화 영국인. strip of 박탈하다.

cross borders 국경을 건너가다. presume 推定(추정)하다, ...이라고 생각하다.

indoctrinate 주입하다, 敎化(교화)하다. plot 음모를 꾸미다.

uncompromising 비타협적인. apostle 使徒(사도).

B. 구문

The French parliament . . . rather than by action.

cf. 가목적어: 목적보어를 취하는 불완전타동사는 목적어가 to-부정사 일 때는 가목적어 it 를 가진다.

ex. They make not to go to church a crime. (×)

They make it a crime not to go to church.(○)

[프랑스의회는 폭동을 선동하는 것은 물론 폭동을 정당화하는 것도 범죄로 간주하였다. 실제행동이 아니라 의도만으로도 범죄적 “범죄자 협회”로 정의하였다.]


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Italy, by contrast, produced many of the assassins: for example, those who killed Carnot, Canovas, Empress Elizabeth and King Umberto. It also exported utopians who founded anarchist settlements like Cecilia colony in Brazil. Germany, too, had its share of fanatics, including Johann Most, the editor of an incendiary New York newspaper, Freiheit, and many of the Jewish anarchists who congregated in London's East End. France also sent 'anachors' abroad: a prominent theorist, Elissee Reclus, taught in Brussels. The man who shot McKinley was the child of Polish immigrants to America. And Switzerland, like England, played host to exiles who came and went with considerable freedom.

No wonder, then, that anti-foreigner feeling ran high in many places. In the United States, President Theodore Roosevelt asked Congress to exclude anyone who believed in 'anarchistic principles' and, by treaty, to make the advocacy of killing an offence against international law. Congress duly obliged with an act that kept out anyone 'teaching disbelief in or opposition to all organised government'.

By then an international conference had been held (in 1898) at the behest of Italy to seek help in fighting anarchism. The Italians did not get all they wanted: Belgium, Britain and Switzerland refused to abandon the right of asylum or to extradite suspected anarchists. But in 1893, just after the Liceo bombings, Britain had reluctantly banned open meetings of anarchists after the Liberal Home secretary, H. H. Asquith, had come under attack for allowing an anarchist meeting to commemorate the Chicago Haymarket martyrs.

A. 어휘

assassin 암살자. found-founded-founded 설립하다.

settlements 居留地(거류지), 식민지, 해결. colony 식민, 식민지, 거류민, 群落(군락).

fanatic 광신자. editor 편집장. incendiary 선동적인, 태우는. congregate 모이다.

theorist 이론가. McKinley 미국 제 25대 대통령. immigrant 移民(이민).

play host 宿主(숙주)가 되다. exile 망명자. Congress 의회, 국회. exclude 배제하다.

treaty 條約(조약). advocacy 변호, 옹호, 지지. offence 범죄, 위반. duly 당연히.

act 법령. by then 그 때쯤. international conference 국제회의. behest 훈령, 명령.

abandon 버리다, 포기하다. asylum 피난처, 은신처, 수용소.

extradite [국외 도망자 또는 범인]을 [본국 官憲(관헌)에게] 인도하다, 인도 받다.

suspected 의심받는. reluctantly 마지못해서, 싫어하면서. ban 금지하다.

open meetings 옥외집회. liberal 자유주의자. home secretary 내무부장관.

commemorate 기념하다. martyr 희생자, 순교자, 烈士(열사).