57-3-256
Mencken's observation neatly explains two aspects of modern life. One is the open-endedness of economic growth. The other is that no matter how rich your country becomes, the poor you will always have with you. But what explains Mencken's observation?
For a Darwinian, life is about two things: survival and reproduction. Of the two, the second is the more significant. To put it crudely, the only Darwinian point of survival is reproduction. As a consequence, much of daily existence is about showing off, subtly or starkly, in ways that attract members of the opposite sex and intimidate those of the same sex. In humansunlike, say, peafowl, where only the cocks have the flashy tails, or deer, where only the stags have the chunky antlersboth sexes engage in this. Men do it more than women, but you need look no further than Ascot race course on Gold Cup day to see that women do it too. Status and hierarchy matter. And in modern society, status is mediated by money.
Girls have always liked a rich man, of course. Darwinians used to think this was due to his ability to provide materially for their children. No doubt that is part of it. But the thinking among evolutionary biologists these days is that what is mainly going on is a competition But if it withstands scrutiny it means the free-market argumentthat because economic growth makes everybody better off, it does not matter that some are more better off than others-or genes, not goods. High-status individuals are more likely to have genes that promote health and intelligence, and members of the opposite sex have been honed by evolution to respond accordingly. A high-status man will get more opportunities to mate. A high-status woman can be more choosy about whom she mates with.

A. 어휘
neatly 깔끔하게. aspect 樣相(양상). open-endedness 한도가 없는 것.
the poor 가난한 사람들. cf. the + 형용사→ 복수보통명사. survival 생존.
reproduction 生殖(생식), 번식, 複製(복제). significant 중요한. crudely 투박하게.
as a consequence 결과적으로. daily existence 일상의 삶.
show off (역량 따위를)과시하다. subtly 미묘하게. starkly 완전하게, 꾸밈이 없이.
opposite sex 異姓(이성). the same sex 同性(동성).
immediate those of the same sex바로 이웃에 있는 同姓(동성)의 사람들.
peapowl 孔雀(공작)새. cock 수공작새, 수탉. stag 수사슴. chunky 큰 덩어리의.
antler (사슴 따위의) 가지진 뿔. both sexes 남녀 모두, 兩性(양성).
Ascot race 영국 Ascot Heath 에서 매년 6월에 열리는 경마대회. 남녀 모두 정장을 해야 입장이 가능함. status 지위. hierarchy 계급제도. matter 중요하다.
mediate 달성하다, 조정하다. evolutionary biologist 진화생물학자.
hone 단련하다, 숫돌로 가다. accordingly 그에 相應(상응)하여.

B. 구문
- To put it crudely
[그것을 투박하게 나타내면, 직설적으로 말하자면.]
- both sexes engage in this.
[(인간은) 남녀 모두 이런 일(이성에게 호감을 주기 위해 노력하고 과시하는 것)에 참여한다.]

57-4-257
For men, at least, this is demonstrably true. Evolutionary biologists are fond of quoting extreme examples to make the point, the most famous being Moulay Ismail the Bloodthirsty, a Moroccan ruler who fathered over 1,000 children. But kings have powers of coercion. Some better examples are provided by Joe Studwell, in his book 'Asian Godfathers', which dissects the lives of businessmen. Stanley Ho, a veteran operator in Hong Kong and Macau, has 17 children by several women. Oei Tiong Ham, a tycoon who died in 1924, had 18 concubines and 42 children. The relationship holds good further down the social ladder. Danile Nettle and Thomas Pollet, of Newcastle University, recently showed that in Britain the number of children a man has fathered is, on average, related to his income, the spread of modern contraception notwithstanding.
Status, though, is always relative: it is linked to money because it drives the desire to make more of the stuff in order to outdo the competition. This is the ultimate engine of economic growth. Since status is a moving target, there is no such thing as enough money.
The relative nature of status explains the paradox observed in 1974 by an economist called Richard Easterlin that, while rich people are happier than poor people within a country, average happiness does not increase as that country gets richer. This has been disputed recently. But if it withstands scrutiny it means the free-market argumentthat because economic growth makes everybody better off, it does not matter that some are more better off than others -does not stand up, at least if 'better off' is measured in terms of happiness. What actually matters, Darwinism suggests, is that a free society allows people to rise through the hierarchy by their own efforts: the American dream, if you like.

A. 어휘
demonstrably 論證(논증)할 수 있을 만큼. quote 引用(인용)하다.
extreme examples 극단적인 예. make the point 그 것을 강조하다.
Moulay Ismail the Bloodthirsty 피에 굶주린 Moulay Ismail. father...을 낳다.
coercion 强壓(강압), 강제력. dissect 解剖(해부)하다.
tycoon 實業界(실업계)의 거물, 大君(대군). concubine 妾(첩), 내연의 처.
social ladder 사회의 사다리, 사회계층. contraception 避姙(피임). 피임법.
notwithstanding ...에도 불구하고. relative 상대적인. stuff 돈, 현금.
make the more of the stuff 돈을 더 많이 벌다. outdo 능가하다, 앞지르다.
competition 경쟁자들, 경쟁상대. ultimate 궁극적인. relative nature 상대적인 특성.
paradox 逆說(역설). dispute 論駁(논박)하다, 논쟁하다, 異議(이의)를 제기하다.
withstand 견디어 내다, 버티다, 항거하다. scrutiny 精査(정사), 꼼꼼하게 따지는 것.
stand up 견디다, 오래가다, 일어서다. hierarchy 사회계급, 계급제도.
B. 구문
- the most famous being→and the most famous is
- The relationship holds good . . . the social ladder.
[그런 관계는 사회계층의 더 아래쪽에도 해당된다]
- But if it withstands . . does not stand up.
[그러나 그 것(국가가 더 부유해져도 국민의 행복의 평균은 증가하지 않는다는 역설)이 精査(반론)를 받고도 살아남는다 하더라도 자유시장론자들의 주장경제성장은 모든 사람을 더 잘살게 만들기 때문에 일부의 사람들이 타인들 보다 더 부유하다는 것은 중요하지 않다은 설자리가 없을 것이다.]