71-17-347
Student-teacher disputes can quickly escalate into legal challenges or the threat of them. The fear of litigation that has given rise to the practice of defensive medicine prompts educators to practice defensive teaching. According to Forrest T. Jones Inc., a large insurer of teachers, the number of teachers buying liability insurance has jumped 25% in the past five years. 'A lot of teachers are very fearful and don't want to deal with it,' says Roxsana Jaber-Ansari, who teaches sixth grade at Hale Middle School in Woodland Hills, Calif. She has learned that everything must be documented. She does not dare accuse a student of cheating, for instance, without evidence, including eyewitness accounts or a paper trail. When a teacher meets with a student alone, the door always has to be open to avoid any suspicion of inappropriate behavior on the teacher's part. 'If you become angry and let it get to you, you will quit your job,' says Jaber-Ansari. 'You will hate what you do and hate the kids.'

THE CULTURE WARRIORS

Teachers in schools with economically and ethnically diverse populations face a different set of challenges in working with parents. In less affluent districts, many parents don't have computers at home, so schools go to some lengths to make contact easier. Even 20 minutes twice a year for a conference can be hard for families if parents are working long hours at multiple jobs or have to take three buses to get to the school. Some teachers visit a parent's workplace on a Saturday or help arrange language classes for parents to help with communication.

A. 어휘
dispute 분쟁. legal 법적인. challenge 挑戰(도전). litigation 訴訟(소송).
give rise to ...을 낳다, 일으키다. practice 慣行(관행).
defensive medicine 자기 방어적 의료조치 (의료 과오 소송에 대비하는 의료 조치).
prompt 促進(촉진)하다, 재촉하다, 鼓舞(고무)하다. insurer 보험업자, 보증인.
liability 책임. insurance 보험. document 문서를 첨부하다. dare 감히...하다.
accuse A of B. B의 罪目(죄목)으로 A를 고발하다. cheating 시험 부정행위.
including ...를 포함하여(전치사). eyewitness accounts 目擊者(목격자) 陳述(진술).
paper trail 해답이 쓰여있는 종이. meet with 會見(회견)하다.
suspicion 疑惑(의혹), 의심. inappropriate behavior 부적절한 행위(성희롱 등).
get to 영향을 주다. quit-quit-quit/quitted-quitted 사임하다. warrior 전사, 군인.
ethnically 인종적으로. diverse 다양한. face 직면하다. affluent 富裕(부유)한, 풍부한.
district 학구. go to some lengths 여러 가지 노력을 한다.
make contact easier 학부모와의 접촉을 더 쉽게 하다. conference 회의.
multiple jobs 多(다) 직장( 두개 이상의 일자리).
arrange 조정하다, 준비하다, 배열하다. language classes (영어능력이 없거나 약한 이민 부모를 위한) 영어학습반.

71-18-348
Particularly since a great goal of education is to level the playing field, teachers are worried that the families that need the most support are least able to ask for it. 'The standards about what makes a good parent are always changing,' notes Annette Lareau, a professor of sociology at Temple University, who views all the demand for parent involvement as a relatively recent phenomenon. 'And it's middle-class parents who keep pace.'
Lareau also sees cultural barriers getting in the way of the strong parent-teacher alliance. When parents don't get involved at school, teachers may see it as a sign of indifference, of not valuing educationwhen it may signal the reverse. Some cultures believe strongly that school and home should be separate spheresparents would no more interfere with the way a teacher teaches than with the way a surgeon operates. 'Working-class and poor families don't have a college education,' says Lareau. 'They are looking up to teachersthey respect teachers as professionals. Middle-class parents are far less respectful. They're not a teacher, but they could have been a teacher, and often their profession has a higher status than teachers'. So they are much more likely to criticize teachers on professional grounds.'

A. 어휘
particularly 특별히. level 평등화하다. playing field 운동장.
level the playing field 기회(경쟁의 조건)가 평등하게 주어지도록 하다.
least 가장 적게. sociology 사회학. view 간주하다.
parent involvement 부모의 학교교육참여(간섭). relatively 상대적으로.
phenomenon 現狀(현상). keep pace 보조를 맞추다, 따라가다. barrier 障壁(장벽).
get in the way 방해하다. alliance 동맹. indifference 무관심.
signal 신호를 보내다. reverse 반대, 逆(역). separate 분리된. sphere 영역, 球(구).
interfere 간섭하다. surgeon 의과의사. operate 수술하다. working-class 노동계급.
look up to 존경하다. status 지위. criticize 비판하다. grounds 이유.
on the professional grounds 전문적인 입장에서.

B. 구문
- parents would no more . . . than with the way a surgeon operates.
[부모는 외과의사의 수술에 간섭하지 않은 것처럼 교사가 가르치는 방법에 간섭하지 않을 것이다.]
cf. A is no more B... than C is. . . B.
[A가 B가 아닌 것은 C가 B가 아닌 것과 같다]
ex. A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.
[고래가 물고기가 아닌 것은 말이 물고기가 아닌 것과 같다.]
- they could have been a teacher.=they could have been a teacher if they had wished to.
[그들은 그들이 원하였더라면 교사가 될 수 있었을 것이다]