Briefing
Monsanto
123. The parable of the sower
Nov 19th 2009 | ST LOUIS From The Economist print edition
The debate over whether Monsanto is a corporate sinner or saint
123-1-570
FEW companies excite such extreme emotions as Monsanto. To its critics, the agricultural giant is a corporate hybrid of Victor Frankenstein and Ebenezer Scrooge, using science to create foods that threaten the health of both people and the planet, and intellectual-property laws to squeeze every last penny out of the world's poor. The list of Monsanto's sins dates back to when (with other firms) it produced Agent Orange, a herbicide notorious for its use by American forces in Vietnam. Recently "Food Inc", a documentary film, lambasted the company.
To its admirers, the innovations in seeds pioneered by Monsanto are the world's best hope of tackling a looming global food crisis. Hugh Grant, the firm's boss since 2003, says that without the sort of technological breakthroughs Monsanto has achieved the world has no chance of doubling agricultural output by 2050 while using less land and water, as many believe it must. Mr Grant, of course, would say that. But he is not alone. Bill Gates sees Monsanto's innovations as essential to the agricultural revolution in Africa to which his charitable foundation is committed. Josette Sheeran, the head of the United Nations World Food Programme, is also a fan.
Monsanto has come a long way from its roots in pharmaceuticals and chemicals (in which capacity it made Agent Orange). The original company was formed in 1901 to make saccharine. In 2000 it merged with Pharmacia & Upjohn, a drugmaker. Two years later the group's agricultural activities were spun off into a new Monsanto. At that time the company was best known for Roundup, a herbicide popular with farmers. Roundup is still a leading brand, but margins have been eroded by competition from Chinese producers of other forms of glyphosate weedkiller. Roundup's share of Monsanto's revenue is shrinking towards 10%. There is talk that it might be sold. "It is no sacred cow. We look at it every year," says Mr Grant.
A. ¾îÈÖ
parable éÕü¥(¿ìÈ). sower ¾¾»Ñ¸®´Â »ç¶÷. debate ³íÀï.
corporate ȸ»ç, ¹ýÀÎ. sinner ÁËÀÎ. saint á¡íº(¼ºÀÚ). extreme ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ.
critic ºñÆÇÀÚ. hybrid ÀâÁ¾, È¥Ç÷¾Æ.
Frankenstein ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÆÄ¸ê·Î À̲ô´Â ±«¹°À̳ª ÆÄ±«·ÂÀ» âÁ¶ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷.
Scrooge ´ÄÀº ±¸µÎ¼è. intellectual-property law ÁöÀû Àç»ê¹ý.
squeeze Â¥³»´Ù. penny Æä´Ï(1/100 ÆÄ¿îµå). dates back °Å½½·¯ ¿Ã¶ó°¡´Ù.
herbicide ð¶õ®ð¥(Á¦ÃÊÁ¦), ͽç¨ð¥(°í¿±Á¦). notorious ¾Ç¸í ³ôÀº.
lambast ¼¼°Ô Ä¡´Ù, ¾öÇÏ°Ô ²Ù¢´Ù. admirer Âù¾çÀÚ, ¼þ¹èÀÚ.
innovation ±â¼úÇõ½Å. pioneer °³Ã´ÇÏ´Ù, ¼±µµÇÏ´Ù.
tackle ´ë°áÇÏ´Ù. loom ¾î·ÅDzÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Ù.
breakthrough µ¹ÆÄ, Ÿ°³, ºñ¾àÀûÀÎ ¹ßÀü. charitable foundation ÀÚ¼±Àç´Ü.
commit Âü¿©ÇÏ´Ù, ¸Ã±â´Ù. pharmaceutical Á¦¾à. capacity ÀÚ°Ý, ¿ë·®, ´É·Â.
spin-spun-spun ½ÇÀ» Àã´Ù, ¸¸µé´Ù, ȸÀüÇÏ´Ù.
erode ħ½ÄÇÏ´Ù. glyphosate Á¦ÃÊÁ¦³»¼º. revenue ¼öÀÍ, áªìý(¼¼ÀÔ).
sacred ãêá¡(½Å¼º)ÇÑ.
B. ÓÞëù(´ëÀÇ)
Monsanto¸¸Å ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ °¨Á¤À» ë¯Û¡(À¯¹ß)Çϴ ȸ»ç´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù. ºñÆÇÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â, ÀÌ ³ó¾÷°ÅÀÎÀº ÀηùÀÇ °Ç°°ú Áö±¸¸¦ À§ÇùÇÏ´Â ½ÄǰÀ» âÁ¶Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© °úÇÐÀ» ¾Ç¿ëÇϰí, ¼¼°èÀÇ °¡³ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸¶Áö¸· ÇÑ Ç¬±îÁöµµ Â¥³»±â À§ÇÏ¿© ÁöÀûÀç»ê±ÇÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÇÁ¶ûÄ˽´Å¸Àΰú ½ºÄí¸´Áö¸¦ ÇÕ¼ºÇÑ °Í °°Àº ȸ»çÀÌ´Ù. MonsantoÀÇ ñªÙÍ(Á˸ñ)Àº ¿ù³²ÀüÀï ¶§ Ú¸ÏÚ(¹Ì±º)ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¾Ç¸íÀ» ¾òÀº Á¦ÃÊÁ¦ÀÎ Agent Orange¸¦ »ý»êÇßÀ» ¶§±îÁö °Å½½·¯ ¿Ã¶ó°£´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â ¡°Food Inc¶ó´Â ±â·Ï¿µÈ°¡ ÀÌ È¸»ç¸¦ °Å¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
¿¹ÂùÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â, Monsanto°¡ °³Ã´ÇÑ ðúí(Á¾ÀÚ)Çõ¸íÀº ÀÓ¹ÚÇÑ ¼¼°è ½Ä·®À§±âÀÇ ÇØ°á¿¡ ÃÖ°íÀÇ Èñ¸ÁÀ» ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ È¸»çÀÇ Hugh Grant»çÀåÀº Monsanto°¡ ÀÌ·èÇÑ °Í °°Àº ±â¼úÀûÀÎ Çõ½ÅÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´ç¿¬È÷ ±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¾ß µÈ´Ù°í ¹Ï´Â ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ º¸´Ù ÀûÀº ¹°°ú º¸´Ù ÀûÀº ÅäÁö¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© 2050³â±îÁö ¼¼°è ³ó¾÷»ý»êÀ» µÎ ¹è·Î ´Ã¸®´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. Grant´Â ´ç¿¬È÷ ±×·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ±× È¥ÀÚ¸¸Àº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. Bill Gates´Â ±×ÀÇ ÀÚ»êÀç´ÜÀÌ Âü¿©Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ³ó¾÷Çõ¸íÀ» À§ÇØ MonsantoÀÇ ±â¼úÇõ½ÅÀ» ÇʼöÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÑ´Ù. À¯¿£ÀÇ ¼¼°è ½Ä·®ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓÀÚÀÎ Josette Sheeranµµ MonsantoÀÇ ÆÒÀÌ´Ù.
Monsanto´Â ÀǾàǰ°ú ÈÇÐÁ¦Ç°¿¡ »Ñ¸®¸¦ ³»¸° ÀÌÈÄ·Î ¸Õ±æÀ» µ¹¾Æ ¿Ô´Ù(ÀÌ·± Á¦Ç°ÀÇ »ý»ê´É·ÂÀ¸·Î Agent Orange¸¦ Á¦Á¶ÇÏ¿´´Ù). ȸ»ç´Â ¿ø·¡ »çÄ«¸°À» ¸¸µé±â À§ÇÏ¿© 1901³â¿¡ ¼³¸³µÇ¾ú´Ù. 2000³â¿¡ ȸ»ç´Â Á¦¾àȸ»çÀÎ Pharmacia & Upjohn°ú ÇÕº´ÇÏ¿´´Ù. 2³â µÚ¿¡ ȸ»çÀÇ ³ó¾÷»ç¾÷ºÎºÐÀÌ ¶³¾îÁ® ³ª¿Í »õ·Î¿î Monsanto°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±× ´ç½Ã¿¡ ȸ»ç´Â ³óºÎµé¿¡°Ô Àαâ ÀÖ´ø Á¦ÃÊÁ¦ÀÎ RoundupÀ¸·Î °¡Àå Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. RoundupÀº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ñ«Õô(ÁÖ·Â) ºê·£µåÀÌÁö¸¸ Áß±¹ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ glyphosateÁ¦ÃÊÁ¦ »ý»êȸ»çµé°úÀÇ °æÀïÀ¸·Î ¸¶ÁøÀÌ íÙãÝ(Àá½Ä)´çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. MonsantoÀÇ ¸ÅÃâ¿¡¼ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â
RoundupÀÇ ¸òÀº 10%´ë·Î ÁÙ¾îµé°í ÀÖ´Ù. Roundup ºÎ¹®Àº ¸Å°¢µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ¸»µµ ÀÖ´Ù. ¡°RoundupÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó (Çö±ÝÀ» ¹ú¾îµéÀÌ´Â)½Å¼ºÇÑ ¼Ò°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÇØ¸¶´Ù ±× Á¡À» ÁÖ½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.¡±¶ó°í Grant´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
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