V for victory

Copying birds may save aircraft fuel
Science & Technology
Efficient aviation

126. V for victory
Dec 3rd 2009 | PALO ALTO From The Economist print edition

Copying birds may save aircraft fuel

126-1-588
BOTH Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.
The answer, says Dr Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, and a seminal paper by a German researcher called Carl Wieselsberger, scientists have known that birds flying in formation-a V-shape, echelon or otherwise-expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird's wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California, has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.
When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr Kroo and his team modelled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to rendezvous over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation, occasionally swap places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (with a concomitant reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.

A. ¾îÈÖ
Boeing ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Ç×°ø±â Á¦ÀÛȸ»ç. Airbus À¯·´ÀÇ Ç×°ø±â Á¦ÀÛȸ»ç.
aircraft Ç×°ø±â. efficiency È¿À²¼º. respectively °¢°¢, ÊÀí»(°¢ÀÚ).
composite º¹ÇÕü, ÇÕ¼º¹°. make a difference Â÷À̸¦ ³º´Ù.
seminal ¸Å¿ì µ¶Ã¢ÀûÀÎ. formation Óéû¡(´ëÇü), òæû¡(ÁøÇü).
echelon ±º´ë, ±ºÇÔ, ºñÇà±âÀÇ ð¬û¡(Á¦Çü) Æí¼º, ð¬òæ(Á¦Áø).
wingtip ³¯°³ ³¡, ìÏÓ®(ÀÍ´Ü).
upwash »ó½Â Îæ×µ(±³·ù)=upward air turbulence caused by a propeller or jet.
reduce °¨¼ÒÇÏ´Ù. drag ù÷Õô(Ç×·Â)¡´ºñÇà±âÀÇ ÀüÁøÀ» ¹æÇØÇÏ´Â Èû¡µ
aeronautics Ç×°øÇÐ, ºñÇà¼ú. substantially º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î. model ¼³°èÇÏ´Ù, ¸¸µé´Ù.
passenger jets ¿©°´±â. depart Ãâ¹ßÇÏ´Ù. rendezvous ¸¸³ª´Ù, üåùê(ȸÇÕ)ÇÏ´Ù.
formerly îñ(Àü)¿¡´Â. Caltech=California Institute of Technology
range increase Áõ°¡Æø. assume ÃëÇÏ´Ù, (¾ç»ó, ¼ºÁúÀ») ¶ì´Ù, °¡Á¤ÇÏ´Ù.
inverted æ½(¿ª)ÀÇ, °Å²Ù·Î ÇÑ, ï´Óî(Àüµµ)µÈ. occasionally ¶§¶§·Î.
swap ±³È¯ÇÏ´Ù. have a turn ÀÚ±â Â÷·Ê¸¦ °¡Áö´Ù.
concomitant ݾâËîÜ(ºÎ¼öÀû)ÀÎ, ßÓÚá(»ó¹Ý)ÇÏ´Â.
nitrogen-oxide »êÈ­Áú¼Ò. emission ÛÉõó(¹èÃâ).
cruising portion ºñÇàºÎºÐ(½Ã°£). a quarter 1/4.

B. ±¸¹®
-so all could have a turn¡æso that all could have a turn

C. ÓÞëù(´ëÀÇ)
Boeing °ú Airbus µÎ ȸ»ç ¸ðµÎ ±×µéÀÇ ÃÖ½ÅÇü ¿©°´±âÀÎ 787°ú A350ÀÇ È¿À²¼ºÀ» ¾Ë¸®´Â ³ªÆÈÀ» ºÒ¾î¿Ô´Ù. µÎ ºñÇà±âÀÇ ¶Ù¾î³­ ¼³°è¿Í ÌîÕá(°æ·®) º¹ÇÕ¹°Áú ±âü´Â È®½ÇÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ ºñÇà±âµé°ú Â÷À̰¡ ³ª´Â °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù. Ilan Kroo°¡ ÁöÈÖÇÏ´Â Stanford ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº Á¤±âÇ×°øÈ¸»çµéÀº º¸´Ù ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ºñÇà±â ¿¬·á¸¦ Àý¾àÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç À̸¦ À§Çؼ­ »õ·Î¿î Ѧðú(±âÁ¾)À» µµÀÔÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾ø´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
ÇØ´ä(±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â)Àº »õ¶ó°í Dr Kroo´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. 1914³â ÀÌÈÄ·Î, ±×¸®°í µ¶ÀÏ °úÇÐÀÚCarl WieselsbergerÀÇ ¸Å¿ì µ¶Ã¢ÀûÀÎ ³í¹®ÀÇ ¹ßÇ¥ÀÌÈÄ·Î, °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº VÇüÀ̳ª ð¬òæ(Á¦Áø), ±âŸ ´Ù¸¥ ´ëÇüÀ¸·Î ºñÇàÇÏ´Â »õµéÀº º¸´Ù ÀûÀº ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ¼Ò¸ðÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ³¯°í ÀÖ´Â »õÀÇ ³¯°³ À§·Î È帣´Â °ø±â´Â ³¯°³ ³¡ µÚÂÊ¿¡¼­ À§·Î ¼Ò¿ëµ¹ÀÌÄ¡¸ç »ó½ÂÇÏ´Â µ¥ À̰ÍÀº »ó½Â Îæ×µ(±³·ù)¶ó´Â Çö»ó ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. »ó½Â±³·ù¸¦ Ÿ°í ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ »õµéÀº ù÷Õô(Ç×·Â)°¨¼Ò¸¦ °æÇèÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í ÃßÁø ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ´ú ¾²°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌÀü¿¡Caltech¿Í Southern California ´ëÇп¡¼­ °¡¸£ÃÆ´ø Ç×°øÇÐ Àü¹®°¡ Peter Lissaman´Â Óéû¡(´ëÇü)À¸·Î ºñÇàÇÏ´Â 25¸¶¸®ÀÇ »õ´Â 71%ÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö Áõ°¡ÆøÀ» Áñ±æ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
Ç×°ø±â¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÏ¿©µµ, ÀÌ ¿øÄ¢Àº º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ´Ù¸£Áö ¾Ê´Ù. Dr Kroo ÆÀÀº Los Angeles¿Í San Francisco ¹× Las Vegas¿¡¼­ Ãâ¹ßÇÑ 3´ëÀÇ Á¦Æ®¿©°´±â°¡ Utah »ó°ø¿¡¼­ ¸¸³ª¼­ °Å²Ù·Î µÈ Ví®(ÀÚ) ´ëÇüÀ» ÀÌ·ç°í °¡Àå À¯¸®ÇÑ À§Ä¡¿¡¼­ Â÷·Ê·Î Àå¼Ò¸¦ ±³È¯ÇÏ¸ç ·±´ø±îÁö ºñÇàÇØ °£´Ù¸é ¾î¶»°Ô µÉ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æº¸±â À§ÇÑ ¸ðµ¨À» ¼³°èÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¿©°´±â°¡ ¿¬·á¸¦ 15% ´õ Àû°Ô ¼ÒºñÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù(ºÎ¼öÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ»êȭź¼ÒÀÇ ¹èÃâµµ °¨¼ÒÇÏ¿´´Ù). ºñÇà½Ã°£ Áß¿¡ »êÈ­Áú¼ÒÀÇ ¹èÃâµµ 1/4·Î ¶³¾îÁ³´Ù.
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