Seoul¡¯s China Gambit
South Korea wants China¡¯s support in denuclearizing the North. Will it work?
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By RICHARD FONTAINE
Sept. 30, 2015 11:31 a.m. ET
At the United Nations General Assembly on Monday, South Korea¡¯s President Park Geun-hye called on the international community to turn its attention to North Korea and its nuclear ambitions, calling the Hermit Kingdom the world¡¯s ¡°last remaining nonproliferation challenge.¡±
¿ù¿äÀÏ¿¡ ¿¸° À¯¿£ÃÑȸ¿¡¼ ³²ÇÑÀÇ ¹Ú±ÙÇý ´ëÅë·ÉÀº, Æó¼â¿Õ±¹ ºÏÇÑÀ» Áö±¸»óÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ³²Àº nonproliferation challenge¶ó°í ºÎ¸£¸é¼, ºÏÇÑÀÇ ÇÙ¹«Àå ¾ß¿å¿¡ ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ °ü½ÉÀ» µ¹¸®´Â ±¹Á¦ Ä¿¹Â´ÏƼ¸¦ Á¦Ã¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
North Korea remains by far the chief preoccupation of Seoul¡¯s national-security policy makers. Fully 70% of Pyongyang¡¯s military—the world¡¯s fourth largest—is forward deployed, most of it aimed at the South. It boasts the largest special-operations forces of any nation. After land mines injured two South Korean soldiers in the demilitarized zone last month, tensions between the two Koreas escalated to a state of ¡°semi-war,¡± and were only defused through bilateral talks.
ºÏÇÑÀº Áö±Ý±îÁö ¼¿ïÀÇ ±¹°¡¾Èº¸Á¤Ã¥ ¼ö¸³ÀÚµéÀÇ ÇÙ½É °ü½É »ç¾ÈÀ» Â÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¼¼°è 4À§¿¡ ´ÞÇÏ´Â Æò¾ç ±º»ç·ÂÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â 70%ÀÇ º´·ÂÀº ¼¿ïÀ» °Ü³ÉÇÏ¿© Àü¹æ¿¡ ¹èÄ¡µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±× º´·ÂÀº ¼¼°è ¾î´À ±¹°¡¿¡ ºñÇÏ¿©µµ ÃÖ°ÀÇ Æ¯¼öÀü ¿ª·®À» °ú½ÃÇÑ´Ù. Áö³´Þ ºñ¹«ÀåÁö´ë¿¡¼ µÎ ³²ÇÑ º´»çÀÇ Áö·ÚÆø¹ßs ºÎ»ó ÀÌÈÄ¿¡  ³²ºÏÇÑ »çÀÌÀÇ ±äÀåÀº ñÞîúãÁ »óÅ·Π±Þ»ó½ÂÇÏ¿´°í ½Ö¹æÈ¸´ãÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ³²ºÏÇÑÀº ÁøÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù.
Now Pyongyang has announced an imminent satellite launch expected to demonstrate its ballistic-missile capabilities. Armed with nuclear and chemical weapons, Kim Jong Un poses an enduring threat to the South.
¾ó¸¶ Àü Æò¾çÃøÀº Åºµµ ¹Ì»çÀÏ ¹ß»ç´É·ÂÀ» °ú½ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸À̴ À§¼º¹ß»ç¸¦ ºü¸¥ ½ÃÀÏ ³»¿¡ ½Ç½ÃÇÑ´Ù°í ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ú·°ú ÈÇй«±â·Î ¹«ÀåÇÑ ±èÁ¤ÀºÀº ³²ÇÑ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±ØµµÀÇ À§ÇùÀ» °¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù .
This has motivated South Korea and China recently to develop warmer ties, something that hasn¡¯t gone unnoticed across the region. Most observers understand this development as the result of a shared grievance against Japan, and see Beijing as trying to drive a wedge between Seoul and Tokyo. That may be the case, but the deeper explanation is found not by looking at Tokyo but at Pyongyang. Sensing a unique opportunity on the peninsula, Seoul has a China gambit of its own.
ºÏÇÑÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ ¶§¹®¿¡, Çѱ¹°ú Áß±¹Àº ±× Áö¿ª Àüü¿¡ °ÉÃļ ÁÖ¸ñÀ» ²øÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¿ìÈ£°ü°è¸¦ ÁõÁø½ÃŰ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °üÃøÅëµéÀº, Çѱ¹°ú Áß±¹ »çÀÌÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ü°è ÁõÁøÀ», ¾ç±¹°¡ÀÇ ÀϺ»¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øÅë ºÒ¸¸ÀÇ °á°ú¶ó°í ÀνÄÇÏ¸é¼ Áß±¹ÀÌ Çѱ¹°ú ÀϺ» »çÀÌ¿¡¼ À̰£ÁúÇÏ·Á´Â ½Ãµµ¸¦ Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í º»´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ½Ãµµ´Â »ç½ÇÀÏÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á» ´õ ±íÀº ¼Ó³»´Â ÀϺ»À» ÁÖ¸ñÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ºÏÇÑÀ» ÁÖ¸ñÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ´Ù. Çѹݵµ¿¡¼ ÀýÈ£ÀÇ ±âȸ¸¦ ´À³¢¸é¼ Çѱ¹Àº Áß±¹¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±× ³ª¸§ÀÇ Ã¥·«À» ½ÃµµÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
China, for its part, has begun to tire of Pyongyang¡¯s erratic behavior. And while Beijing has by no means started to cut its decades-long support for North Korea, it has started to welcome ties with the South.
Áß±¹ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼´Â ºÏÇÑÀÇ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÑ Çൿ¿¡ ÇǰïÇÔÀ» °®±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. Áß±¹Àº ¼ö½Ê³â¿¡ °ÉÄ£ ºÏÇѰúÀÇ ¿ìÈ£°ü°è¸¦ °áÄÚ Áß´ÜÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¸é¼ µ¿½Ã¿¡, Çѱ¹°úÀÇ °ü°è ÁõÁøÀ» ½ÃµµÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÁßÀÌ´Ù.
The diplomatic chasm could hardly be starker. China¡¯s President Xi Jinping last year bypassed Pyongyang and instead visited Seoul. He has met a total of six times with President Park, but not once with Kim. At the military parade earlier this month commemorating the 70th anniversary of Japan¡¯s wartime defeat, Ms. Park was a featured guest, while North Korea was only represented by a lower-ranking official who met with none of his Chinese counterparts and spent less than 24 hours in the country. Kim has reportedly refrained even from meeting with Beijing¡¯s ambassador in Pyongyang.
¿Ü±³Àû °£±ØÀº °ÅÀÇ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. Áß±¹ÀÇ ½ÃÁøÇÎ ÁÖ¼®Àº À۳⿡ ºÏÇÑÀ» ¹æ¹®ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ä Çѱ¹À» ¹æ¹®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ½ÃÁÖ¼®Àº ±èÁ¤Àº°ú´Â Çѹøµµ ¸¸³ªÁö ¾ÊÀº ä ¹Ú ´ëÅë·É°ú´Â ÃÑ ¿©¼¸ ¹øÀ» ȸ´ãÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀϺ»¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ½Â¸®ÇÑ ³¯À» ±â¸®´Â ÀÌ´ÞÃÊ ¼ÒÀ§ 70ȸ Áß±¹ Àü½ÂÀý ÆÛ·¹À̵忡 ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀº Áß¿äÇÑ ÃÊ´ë ¼Õ´ÔÀ¸·Î Âü¼®ÇÏ¿´À¸³ª, ºÏÇÑÀº »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ³·Àº µî±ÞÀÇ ´ëÇ¥¸¸À» Âü¼®½ÃÄ״µ¥, ±×´Â Áß±¹ÃøÀÇ ¾Æ¹«·± »ó´ë Àλ絵 ¸¸³ªÁö ¸øÇÑä Áß±¹¿¡ 24½Ã°£µµ ¸Ó¹«¸£Áö ¾Ê¾Ò¾ú´Ù. ±èÁ¤ÀºÀº ½ÉÁö¾î Æò¾çÁÖÀç Áß±¹ ´ë»ç¿ÍÀÇ ¸é´ãµµ ±âÇÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ³´Ù.
Beyond the diplomatic snubs, Chinese officials seem to worry that Kim¡¯s provocations will induce a greater regional security role for the U.S., possibly with a larger naval presence or more sophisticated missile defenses.
¿Ü±³Àû ÆÄÇàÀ» ³Ñ¾î¼, ±èÁ¤ÀºÀÇ µµ¹ßÀÌ ÀÌ Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Áö¿ª ¾Èº¸ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ´õ¿í È®´ëÇϵµ·Ï À¯µµÇÏ¿©, ´õ ´ë±Ô¸ðÀÇ ¹Ì ÇØ±º·ÂÀ» ºÒ·¯µéÀ̰ųª ȤÀº °í¼º´É ¹Ì»çÀÏ ¹æ¾î¸ÁÀÌ ¹èÄ¡µÇ´Â Ã˸ÅÁ¦°¡ µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» Áß±¹ ´ç±¹Àº ¿ì·ÁÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Here Seoul senses an opportunity. For years frustrated by China¡¯s continued support for the North, South Korean officials now hope to bring Beijing on board with their vision for unification and enlist Chinese support for denuclearization.
ÀÌ Á¡¿¡¼ Çѱ¹Àº ±âȸ¸¦ ¿³ º¸°íÀÖ´Ù. ¼ö³âµ¿¾È Áß±¹ÀÇ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ºÏÇÑÁö¿ø¿¡ ÁÂÀý°¨À» ¸Àº» Çѱ¹´ç±¹Àº ÀÌÁ¦ ÅëÀϰú ºñÇÙÈ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áß±¹ÀÇ ÇùÁ¶¸¦ ±¸Çϴµ¥ Èñ¸ÁÀûÀΠŵµ¸¦ °®°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
Whether that¡¯s possible remains to be seen. So far Beijing has given little indication whether it will change its approach to Pyongyang. The South¡¯s overtures are premised more on hope than concrete achievements.
±×°ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÒÁö ¿©ºÎ´Â ¹ÌÁö¼ö·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. Áö±Ý±îÁö Áß±¹Àº ºÏÇÑ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ Åµµ¸¦ º¯È½Ãų °ÍÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© °ÅÀÇ ¾Ï½Ã¸¦ ÁØ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. Çѱ¹ÀÇ Ã¹ ½Ãµµ´Â ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ¼º°úº¸´Ù´Â ´ÙºÐÈ÷ Èñ¸Á¿¡ ÀüÁ¦¸¦ ±ò°í ÀÖ´Ù.
But they certainly enjoy support at home. Buoyed by a shared sense that Japan has been insufficiently sincere in its apologies for its wartime behavior, South Korean officials speak of China in tones significantly warmer than is typical of an American ally. The two countries also share deep economic linkages—South Korea¡¯s trade with China is now greater than its combined trade with the U.S. and Japan.
But they certainly enjoy support at home. ÀϺ»ÀÌ °ú°Å ÀüÀïÇàÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÃæºÐÈ÷ »ç°úÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °øÅë ÀνÄÀ» °øÀ¯Çϸé¼, Çѱ¹ ´ç±¹Àº µ¿¸Í±¹ ¹Ì±¹º¸´Ù Áß±¹ °ü¸®µé¿¡°Ô ´õ ºÎµå·¯¿î ÅæÀ¸·Î ´ëȸ¦ Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑÁß µÎ ³ª¶ó´Â °æÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ±í°Ô ¿¬°áµÇ¾î Àִµ¥, Çѱ¹°ú Áß±¹ÀÇ ¹«¿ª±Ô¸ð´Â Çѱ¹ÀÌ ¹ÌÀÏ µÎ ³ª¶ó¿Í ±³·ùÇÏ´Â ¹«¿ª·®À» ÇÕÇÑ °Íº¸´Ù ´õ Å©´Ù. 
But closer ties with Beijing could complicate U.S.-Seoul relations. South Korean policy makers fully understand that their moves take place in the context of a highly competitive U.S.-China relationship, but they ask for the diplomatic space to test whether they can induce a slight shift in China¡¯s policy. They believe their efforts reflect not a broader geopolitical realignment or a step away from the U.S. alliance, but a narrower diplomatic effort.
±×·¯³ª ùÛñé°ü°è°¡ ´õ¿í °¡±î¿Í Áú¼ö·Ï ùÛÚ¸ °ü°è´Â º¹ÀâÇØÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Çѱ¹ ´ç±¹ÀÚ µéÀº °íµµ·Î °æÀïÀûÀÎ Ú¸ñé °ü°èÀÇ È帧 ¼Ó¿¡¼ ±×µéÀÇ Á¤Ã¥º¯È°¡ ¹ß»ýÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÃæºÐÈ÷ ÀνÄÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Çѱ¹Àº Áß±¹ÀÇ Á¤Ã¥°ú º¸Á¶¸¦ ¸ÂÃß´Â °ÍÀ» ¼³µæÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¿©ºÎ¸¦ ½ÃÇèÇÏ´Â ¿Ü±³Àû ¿©Áö¸¦ ±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Çѱ¹ ´ç±¹Àº, ÀڽŵéÀÇ ½Ãµµ°¡ ùÛÚ¸µ¿¸ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹þ¾î³ª¼ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô ÁöÁ¤ÇÐÀû µ¿¸Í°ü°è¸¦ ÀçÁ¤¸³ÇÏ·Á´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Á¤±³ÇÑ ¿Ü±³Àû Á¤Ã¥½Ãµµ¶ó°í ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. 
This balancing act will be tricky, with one potential impasse already in sight. Washington wants to explore the deployment in South Korea of the Terminal High-Altitude Area Defense (Thaad), an antiballistic missile system that would augment the coverage of existing Patriot-missile batteries in the region. China objects to a Thaad deployment, and thus far Seoul has been noncommittal.
Çѱ¹¿¡¼ Ú¸ñé µî°Å¸® Á¤Ã¥Àº ¸Å¿ì ±³È°ÇÏ°í º¹ÀâÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀ̸ç, ÀÌ¹Ì ùÛÚ¸ ±³Âø»óŰ¡ °¡½ÃÈ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹Àº Çѱ¹¿¡ ½Îµå ¹Ì»çÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¹èÄ¡ÇϰíÀÚ Çϴµ¥ ÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ÆÐÆ®¸®¾îÆ® ¹Ì»çÀÏÀÇ ¹æ¾î ´É·ÂÀ» È®´ëÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áß±¹Àº ½Îµå ¹èÄ¡¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Çѱ¹Àº ¾Ö¸ÅÇÑ Åµµ¸¦ ÃëÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Washington may well be willing to grant the diplomatic space Seoul desires, provided that Beijing begins to make concrete changes to its North Korea policy. The impending satellite launch will mark an early test. Seoul will likely respond by taking the matter to the U.N. Security Council, where it will seek tough action by the permanent members. U.S. support is all but guaranteed. How Beijing responds will provide one indication of whether Seoul¡¯s big bet can pay off.
Áß±¹ÀÌ ºÏÇÑ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤Ã¥À» º¯È½ÃŲ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀüÁ¦·Î, ¹Ì±¹Àº Çѱ¹ÃøÀÌ Èñ¸ÁÇÏ´Â ¿Ü±³Àû ¿©Áö¸¦ ±â²¨ÀÌ ¼ö¿ë ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Á¶¸¸°£¿¡ ½Ç½ÃµÉ ºÏÇÑÀÇ ¹Ì»çÀÏ ¹ß»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áß±¹ÀÇ Åµµ°¡ ù ½ÃÇè´ë¿¡ ¿À¸¦ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Çѱ¹Àº ±× »ç¾ÈÀ» UN ¾Èº¸¸®·Î °¡Á®°¡¼  »óÀÓÀ̻籹¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °·ÂÇÑ Á¦À縦 Ã˱¸ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÁöÁö´Â ÇʼöÀûÀ̰í È®½ÇÇÏ´Ù. ºÏÇÑ ¹Ì»çÀÏ ¹ß»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áß±¹ÀÇ Åµµ°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ³ª¿Ã °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ º¸°Ô µÇ¸é, Çѱ¹ÀÇ Å« µµ¹ÚÀÌ °á½ÇÀ» °ÅµÎ¾ú´ÂÁö ÇϳªÀÇ ½Ã»çÁ¡À» Á¦°øÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Mr. Fontaine is president of the Center for a New American Security in Washington, D.C.












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