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¿ø¹® : http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/27/weekinreview/27SANG.html
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By David E. Sanger 2003.7.27. ¿ö½ÌÅÏ.
July 27, 2003
How North Korea Became North Korea
By DAVID E. SANGER
WASHINGTON .
Han Sung Joo, South Korea's ambassador to the United States, was a teenager in the devastated city of Seoul when the armistice halting the Korean war was signed 50 years ago today. He remembers the moment vividly.
'The older kids mobilized us into a noisy protest,' said Mr. Han, who still walks around with shrapnel in his lower back, a reminder of the moment when he was caught in the crossfire as American troops tried to retake Seoul in September 1950. 'They had persuaded us that it was a lost opportunity to re-unify the country, even if it meant an end to the casualties that were all around us. And who knows? Maybe they were right.'
³²ÇÑÀÇ Á̴ֹë»çÀÎ ÇѽÂÁÖ´Â 50³âÀüÀÇ ¿À´Ã¿¡ Çѱ¹ÀüÀïÀ» ÁߴܽÃŰ´Â Á¤ÀüÇùÁ¤ÀÌ ¼¸íµÉ ¶§ ÆóÇã°¡ µÈ ¼¿ïÀÇ ÇÑ 10´ë û¼Ò³âÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ´ç½Ã¸¦ »ý»ýÈ÷ ±â¾ïÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
'Àúº¸´Ù ´õ ³ªÀÌµç ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ ¿ì¸®¸¦ ½Ã²ô·¯¿î µ¥¸ðÇà·Ä¿¡ µ¿¿øÇß½À´Ï´Ù.'¶ó°í ÇÑÀº ¸»Çß´Ù.
±×´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ µî ¾Æ·¡ºÎºÐ ¾È¿¡ ÆøÅº ÆÄÆíÀÌ Àִ ä·Î °É¾î ´Ù´Ñ´Ù.
±× ÆÄÆíÀº 1950³â 9¿ù¿¡ ¹Ì±ºÀÌ ¼¿ïÀ» ÀçŻȯÇÒ ¶§ ±×°¡ ±³Àü °¡¿îµ¥¿¡ ºÙµé·Á ÀÖÀ» ¶§ÀÇ ±â¾ïÀ» µÇ»õ°ÜÁØ´Ù.
'Àúº¸´Ù ´õ ³ªÀÌµç ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº Á¤ÀüÇùÁ¤ÀÌ ¿ì¸® ÁÖº¯¿¡ ³Î·Á ÀÖ´Â Èñ»ýÀÚµéÀÇ ¹ß»ýÀ» ¸ØÃß°Ô ÇÒÁö¶óµµ,
ÈÞÀüÀº ³ª¶ó¸¦ ÅëÀϽÃų ±âȸ¸¦ ¾ø¾Ö´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿ì¸®¸¦ ¼³µæÇß½À´Ï´Ù.
¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¾î¶»°Ô µÉÁö ´©°¡ ¾Ë¾Ò°Ú½À´Ï±î? ¾Æ¸¶µµ ±×µéÀÇ ¸»ÀÌ ¸Â¾ÒÀ»Áö ¸ð¸¨´Ï´Ù.'
Today, that debate continues for good reason. When the armistice was reluctantly signed by Gen. Mark W. Clark, the commander in chief of the United States Far East Command, virtually no one envisioned that the stalemate would last half a century. Or that North Korea would make a transition from cold war enemy to what the Bush administration calls a rogue nation threatening nuclear proliferation. Or that the unfinished business of one taciturn Republican president, Dwight D. Eisenhower, would land in the lap of another, George W. Bush, who was 7 years old when Ike decided that the country had endured enough of this war.
¿À´Ã³¯, ±× Åä·ÐÀº »ó´çÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯·Î °è¼ÓµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¹Ì ±Øµ¿»ç·ÉºÎÀÇ »ç·É°ü Ŭ¶óÅ©À屺¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¤ÀüÇùÁ¤ÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸øÇØ ¼¸íµÉ ¶§, ½ÇÁ¦·Î ±× ´©±¸µµ ±³Âø»óŰ¡ 50³âµ¿¾ÈÀ̳ª Áö¼ÓµÇ¸®¶ó°í ¿¹°ßÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.
ºÏÇÑÀÌ '³ÃÀü½Ã´ëÀÇ Àû'¿¡¼ ºÎ½ÃÇàÁ¤ºÎ°¡ ¸»ÇÏ´Â 'ÇÙÈ®»êÀ» À§ÇùÇÏ´Â ±øÆÐ±¹°¡'·Î ¹Ù²î°Ô µÉ ÁÙÀ» ¾Æ¹«µµ ¿¹°ßÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.
°ú¹¬ÇÑ °øÈ´çÃâ½Å ´ëÅë·ÉÀÎ ¾ÆÀÌÁ¨ÇÏ¿öÀÇ ³¡³ªÁö ¾ÊÀº ÀÓ¹«°¡ ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ °ú¹¬ÇÑ °øÈ´çÃâ½Å ´ëÅë·ÉÀÎ ºÎ½ÃÀÇ ¹«¸ À§¿¡ ³õÀÌ°Ô µÉ ÁÙÀ» ¾Æ¹«µµ ¿¹°ßÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.
¾ÆÀÌÁ¨ÇÏ¿ö°¡ Çѱ¹ÀüÀï¿¡¼ ¹Ì±¹Àº °ÞÀ»¸¸Å °Þ¾ú´Ù°í °áÁ¤ÇÒ ´ç½Ã¿¡ ºÎ½Ã´Â 7»ìÀ̾ú´Ù.
Perhaps that is why the memorial ceremonies this weekend are so muted. Mr. Bush stopped by the Korean War Memorial on the Mall for seven minutes at sunup on Friday, and there will be some modest ceremonies here and at the Demilitarized Zone.
¾Æ¸¶µµ ±×°ÍÀÌ À̹ø ÁÖ¸»ÀÇ ±â³äÇà»ç°¡ ±×·¸°Ô Á¶¿ëÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯ÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ºÎ½Ã´Â ±Ý¿äÀÏ ÇØ°¡ ¶ß´Â ½Ã°¢¿¡ 7ºÐ°£ Çѱ¹Àü ±â³ä°ü¿¡ µé·¶°í, À̰÷°ú ºñ¹«ÀåÁö´ë¿¡¼ ÀûÀýÇÑ Çà»ç°¡ ¿¸± °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
In 1953, the truce was met with simple relief. Senator Alexander Wiley, a Republican of Wisconsin and chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, said, 'At least we have stopped the killing of Americans.' Out-of-power Democrats groused that if Harry Truman had negotiated a settle-nothing truce with a Communist enemy, he would have been impeached.
1953³â¿¡ ÈÞÀüÀº ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¾Èµµ¿Í ÇÔ²² ¿Ô´Ù.
À§½ºÄ½ÅÁÖÀÇ °øÈ´çÃâ½Å »ó¿øÀÇ¿øÀÌ¸ç »ó¿ø ¿Ü±³ºÐ°úÀ§¿øÈ¸ À§¿øÀåÀÌ´ø Àª¸®´Â 'Àû¾îµµ ¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ì±ºÀÇ Á×À½À» ¸·¾Ò´Ù.'¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.
´ç½Ã ±Ç·ÂÀ» ÁãÁö ¸øÇÑ ¹ÎÁÖ´çÀÇ¿øµéÀº ¸¸¾à Æ®·ç¸¸´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚ Àû°ú ¸¶¹«¸®µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ÈÞÀüÀ» Çù»óÇß´õ¶ó¸é ±×´Â źÇÙ ´çÇßÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ºÒÆòÇß´Ù.
Yet almost everyone who trudged off to witness the war's end that morning at the DMZ had the haunting suspicion that the armistice was going to be trouble.
James Reston, of The Times, traveled with General Clark to the signing and reported that 'the atmosphere was one of duty being performed by veteran officers as if they had grave misgivings about the truce terms, but did not think this was the time or place to express them.'
±×³¯ ¾ÆÄ§ ºñ¹«ÀåÁö´ë¿¡¼ ÀüÀïÀÇ Á¾·á¸¦ ¸ñ°ÝÇÏ·¯ °¬¾ú´ø »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °ÅÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº Á¤ÀüÇùÁ¤ÀÌ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å°°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÇÑ ÀDZ¸½ÉÀ» °¡Á³´Ù.
ŸÀÓÁîÁöÀÇ ·¹½ºÅæÀº Ŭ¶óÅ©À屺À» µû¶ó Á¶ÀνĿ¡ °¡¼ ÀÌ·¸°Ô º¸µµÇß´Ù.
'ºÐÀ§±â´Â Á¤ÀüÇùÁ¤ Á¶Ç׿¡ ½É°¢ÇÑ ÀDZ¸½ÉÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸ ±×·± ÀDZ¸½ÉÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ½Ã°£À̳ª Àå¼Ò°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â µíÀÌ Á¤¿¹±ºÀε鿡 ÀÇÇØ ¼öÇàµÇ´Â Àǹ«ÀÇ Çϳª¿´´Ù.
The armistice and the creation of the DMZ shaped North Korea in ways unforeseen. The DMZ has been a much more formidable impediment to the exchange of people and ideas than the Berlin Wall ever was. East Germans knew what was going on in the West; the failures of their government became more apparent.
But few in North Korea have any concept of what is going on beyond its borders. (This correspondent, traveling by train from Pyongyang to the Chinese border a decade ago, gave his short-wave radio to his government minder, who wanted to turn it on, but stuck it in his briefcase, under the collected works of the Great Leader.)
Á¤ÀüÇùÁ¤°ú ºñ¹«ÀåÁö´ëÀÇ ¼³Ä¡´Â ¿¹°ßµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ºÏÇÑÀ» Çü¼ºÇß´Ù.
ºñ¹«ÀåÁö´ë´Â »ç¶÷°ú »ç»óÀÇ ±³·ù¿¡ ´ëÇØ º£¸¦¸°À庮ÀÌ Çß´ø °Íº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ °¡°øÇÒ Àå¾Ö¹°À̾ú´Ù.
µ¿µ¶»ç¶÷µéÀº ¼µ¶¿¡¼ ¹«½¼ ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
±×·¡¼ µ¿µ¶Á¤ºÎÀÇ ½ÇÆÐ´Â ´õ¿í ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ºÏÇÑÁֹεéÁß ±¹°æ ³Ê¸Ó·Î ¹«½¼ ÀÏÀÌ ¹ú¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ ¾Æ´Â »ç¶÷Àº º°·Î ¾ø´Ù.
(ÀÌ ±âÀÚ´Â, 10³âÀü Æò¾ç¿¡¼ Áß±¹±¹°æ±îÁö ±âÂ÷·Î ¿©ÇàÇÒ ¶§, ÀÚ±âÀÇ ´ÜÆÄ¶óµð¿À¸¦ ºÏÇѾȳ»¿ø¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾ú°í, ¾È³»¿øÀº ¶óµð¿À¸¦ ÄÑ°í ½Í¾î ÇßÀ¸³ª, À§´ëÇÑ ÁöµµÀÚÀÇ Àú¼µé ¾Æ·¡ ¼·ù°¡¹æ ¾È¿¡ ¶óµð¿À¸¦ Áý¾î ³Ö¾ú´Ù.)
The isolation, many believe, turned the North Koreans into hardened survivors. 'Remember, the Eastern Europeans had Soviet troops on their territory, and they were totally dependent on them,' said Ambassador Han, who was foreign minister during the 1994 nuclear crisis. 'North Korea never had that' after the war. 'It had to defend itself.'
¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº °í¸³ÀÌ ºÏÇÑ»ç¶÷µéÀ» °æÁ÷µÈ »ýÁ¸ÀÚ·Î ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù°í ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù.
'±â¾ïÇϽʽÿä. µ¿À¯·´»ç¶÷µéÀº ¼Ò·Ã±ºÀ» ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ¿µÅä¿¡ ÁֵнÃÄ×°í, ±×µéÀº ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¼Ò·Ã±º¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çß½À´Ï´Ù.'¶ó°í 1994³â ÇÙÀ§±â ¶§ ¿Ü¹«Àå°üÀ̾ú´ø ÇÑ´ë»ç°¡ ¸»Çß´Ù.
'ºÏÇÑÀº ÀüÀï ÈÄ¿¡ ±×·¸°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. ºÏÇÑÀº ½º½º·Î ¹æ¾î¸¦ Çß¾î¾ß Çß½À´Ï´Ù.'
When North Korea does reach out, it is usually to sell drugs, counterfeit dollars and missiles.The Bush administration is considering intercepting all three, which some fear could lead the North to lash out.
ºÏÇÑÀÌ ¿ÜºÎ¿Í Á¢ÃËÇÏ·Á ÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â, ºÏÇÑÀº ´ë°³ ¸¶¾à, À§Á¶´Þ¶ó, ¹Ì»çÀÏÀ» ÆÈ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù.
ºÎ½ÃÇàÁ¤ºÎ´Â ÀÌ ¼¼°¡Áö ¸ðµÎ¸¦ Â÷´ÜÇÏ·Á°í »ý°¢ ÁßÀ̸ç, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº À̰ÍÀÌ ºÏÇÑÀÇ µµ¹ßÀ» À¯µµÇÒ °ÍÀ» µÎ·Á¿ö ÇÑ´Ù.
But the big fear is that a nuclear bomb will be the armistice's ultimate legacy. A nuclear arsenal is the only leverage for a country with no close allies. (No Soviet satellite in Europe had felt the need for its own nuclear weapon.) Pouring money into the nuclear program is part of the North Korean national myth of juche, or self-reliance. In reality, North Korea has become the anti-juche society, importing vast amounts of its oil and food.
±×·¯³ª, Á¤¸» Å« µÎ·Á¿òÀº ÇÙÆøÅºÀÌ Á¤ÀüÇùÁ¤ÀÇ ÃÖÁ¾ À¯¹°ÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ÇÙ¹«±â´Â ¾Æ¹«·± °¡±î¿î µ¿¸ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Â ³ª¶ó¿¡°Ô À¯ÀÏÇÑ Áö·¿´ëÀÌ´Ù.
(À¯·´¿¡ ÀÖ´ø ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ À§¼º±¹°¡µéÀº ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇÙ¹«±â º¸À¯ÀÇ Çʿ伺À» ´À³¢Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.)
ÇÙ°³¹ß¿¡ µ·À» ½ñ¾Æ º×´Â °ÍÀº ºÏÇÑÀÇ ±¹°¡ ½Å³äÀÎ ÁÖü ¶Ç´Â ÀÚ¸³»ç»óÀÇ ÀϺκÐÀÌ´Ù.
½ÇÁ¦¿¡ À־Â, ºÏÇÑÀº ¾öû³ ±Ô¸ðÀÇ ±â¸§°ú ½Ä·®À» ¼öÀÔÇÏ´Â ¹Ý(Úã)ÁÖü »çȸÀÌ´Ù.
For now, despite the North's recent threat to abandon the armistice, the truce remains. South Korea's newly elected president has urged Washington to negotiate at any cost, rather than risk another confrontation, one in which the South now has much to lose.
Áö±ÝÀ¸·Î¼´Â, Á¤ÀüÇùÁ¤À» Æó±âÇϰڴٴ ºÏÇÑÀÇ ÃÖ±Ù Çù¹Ú¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ÈÞÀüÀº °è¼ÓµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
³²ÇÑÀÇ »õ·Î ¼±ÃâµÈ ´ëÅë·ÉÀº ³²ÇÑÀÌ Áö±ÝÀº ÀÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ ³Ê¹« ¸¹Àº ¶Ç ÇѹøÀÇ ´ë°áº¸´Ù´Â, ¹«½¼ ´ñ°¡¸¦ Ä¡·ç´õ¶óµµ Çù»óÀ» Ç϶ó°í ¹Ì±¹¿¡°Ô Ã˱¸ÇØ ¿Ô´Ù.
Mr. Bush says he has chosen diplomacy first, and with skill and luck, he may be able to do what Eisenhower failed to do, and negotiate a real peace treaty with the North, in return for true nuclear disarmament.
ºÎ½Ã´Â ¸ÕÀú ¿Ü±³Àû ÇØ°áÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇß´Ù°í ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ°í, ±â¼ú°ú Çà¿îÀÌ µû¸¥´Ù¸é, ±×´Â ¾ÆÀÌÁ¨ÇÏ¿ö°¡ ½ÇÆÐÇß´ø °ÍÀ» ÀÌ·ê ¼ö ÀÖÀ»Áöµµ ¸ð¸£°í, ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÇÙÇØÃ¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ñ°¡·Î ºÏÇѰú ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÆòÈÁ¶¾àÀ» Çù»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù.
Yet history makes clear the costs of miscalculation. Experts still debate whether Secretary of State Dean Acheson paved the way for the invasion of the South in 1950 when he failed to include South Korea on the list of countries that America would rally to save if threatened.
ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿ª»ç´Â À߸øµÈ °è»êÀÇ ´ñ°¡¸¦ ¸í¹éÈ÷ º¸¿© ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¿¡Ä¡½¼ ±¹¹«Àå°üÀÌ, ¸¸¾à À§ÇùÀ» ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¸é ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ±¸ÇØ ÁÙ ³ª¶óÀÇ ¸í´Ü¿¡¼ ³²ÇÑÀ» Á¦¿Ü½ÃÄ×À» ¶§,
1950³â ³²ÇÑ Ä§°øÀÇ ±æÀ» ±ò¾Æ ÁÖ¾ú´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Àü¹®°¡µéÀÌ Åä·ÐÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Now, hawks inside and outside the White House are debating whether President Bush is making similar errors. Troops are to be pulled from the DMZ, and Mr. Bush has decided not to issue his own explicit warning, about how he would react if the North deploys or seeks to sell nuclear weapons.
Áö±Ý, ¹é¾Ç°ü ¾È°ú ¹Û¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °°æÆÄµéÀº ºÎ½Ã´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ ºñ½ÁÇÑ ½Ç¼öµéÀ» ÀúÁö¸£´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ Åä·ÐÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
¹Ì±ºÀÌ ºñ¹«ÀåÁö´ë·ÎºÎÅÍ ºüÁ® ³ª¿Ã ¿¹Á¤À̰í, ºÎ½Ã´Â ¸¸¾à ºÏÇÑÀÌ ÇÙ¹«±â¸¦ ¹èÄ¡Çϰųª ÇÙ¹«±â¸¦ ÆÈ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¾î¶»°Ô ´ëÀÀÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸í¹éÇÑ °æ°í¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î °áÁ¤Çß´Ù.
'Don't rule out the possibility that we've done so in private,' one of Mr. Bush's aides said the other day.
'¿ì¸®°¡ Àº¹ÐÈ÷ ±×·¸°Ô °áÁ¤ÇßÀ» °¡´É¼ºÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÏÁö ¸¶¶ó.' ¶ó°í ±× ÈÄ ºÎ½ÃÀÇ ÇÑ Ãø±ÙÀÌ ¸»Çß´Ù.
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