4. Ethical food (The Economist December 9th 2006)

Good Food?
If you think you can make the planet better by clever shopping, think again. You might make it worse.

4-1-19
'You don't have to wait for government to move. . . the really fantastic thing about Fairtrade is that you can go shopping!' So said a representative of the Fairtrade movement in a British newspaper this year. Similarly Marion Nestle, a nutritionist at New York University, argues that 'when you choose organics, you are voting for a planet with fewer pesticides, richer soil and cleaner water supplies.'
The idea that shopping is the new politics is certainly seductive. Never mind the ballot box: vote with your supermarket trolley instead. Elections occur relatively rarely, but you probably go shopping several times a month, providing yourself with lots of opportunities to express your opinions. If you are worried about environment, you might buy organic food; if you want to help poor farmers, you can do your bit by buying Fairtrade products; or you can express a dislike of evil multinational companies and rampant globalisation by buying only local produce. And the best bit is that shopping, unlike voting, is fun; so you can do good and enjoy yourself at the same time.
Sadly, it's not that easy. There are good reasons to doubt the claims made about three of the most popular varieties of 'ethical' food: organic food, Fairtrade food and local food. People who want to make the world a better place cannot do so by shifting their shopping habits: transforming the planet requires duller disciplines, like politics.

A. 어휘
ethical food 도덕 식품(농민을 희생시키지 않고 농약과 비료를 사용하지 않으며 생산한 친환경적 식품).
fantastic 아주 멋진, 空想(공상)의.
Fairtrade 공정무역과 공정거래를 주창하는 시민단체의 이름.
representative 대표, 하원의원. similarly 마찬가지로, 유사하게. nutritionist 영양학자. argue 주장하다. organics 유기농산물.
vote for 을 위해서 투표하다. 찬성 투표하다.
pesticide 농약. supplies 보급품, 생활필수품, 공급. politics 정치.
seductive 매력적인, 유혹하는. ballot box 투표함. trolley 손수레.
relatively, 비교적, 상대적으로. rarely 드물게. organic food 유기농 식품.
do your bit 의무(본분)를 다하다. product 제품. evil 사악한.
multinational companies 다국적 기업. rampant 맹렬한, 광란하는.
local produce (자신이 거주하는)지역 농산물. globalisation 세계화.
not that easy 그렇게 쉽지는 않다. shift 바꾸다, 이동하다.
transform 변형시키다. require 필요로 하다.
duller disciplines 재미가 더 없는 (훈련)방법.
discipline 훈련방법, 분야, 징계, 규율.

B. 구문
-You don't have to . . . . go shopping.
[정부가 움직일 때까지 기다릴 필요는 없다. 페어트레이드에 관해서 정말로 멋진 것은 쇼핑을 할 수 있다는 것이다.(쇼핑하면서 세상을 바꿀 수 있다는 것이다.)]
-The idea that shopping is the new politics
[쇼핑이 새로운 정치형태라는 생각은]
cf. that. . .politics는 주어 idea와 동격이 되는 명사절.
-providing yourself with lots of opportunities
[당신에게 많은 기회를 제공하면서. ]
cf. providing=as you provide
-claims made about three of the most popular varieties of 'ethical' food
[가장 인기 있는 세 가지 종류의 도덕식품에 대한 주장]
cf. claims (which are )made. made는 claims를 수식하는 과거분사.
about ...에 관해서.
-transforming the planet. . .politics.
[지구를 변형시키는 것은 정치 같은 재미가 없는 방법을 필요로 한다.]
cf. transforming 주어로 쓰인 동명사.

4-2-20
Buy organic, destroy the rainforest
Organic food, which is grown without man-made pesticides and fertilisers, is generally assumed to be more environmentally friendly than conventional intensive farming, which is heavily reliant on chemical inputs. But it all depends what you mean by 'environmentally friendly'. Farming is inherently bad for the environment: since humans took it up around 11,000 years ago, the result has been deforestation on a massive scale. But following the 'green revolution' of the 1960s greater use of chemical fertiliser has tripled grain yields with very little increase in the area of land under cultivation. Organic methods, which rely on crop rotation, manure and compost in place of fertiliser, are far less intensive. So producing the world's current agricultural output organically would require several times as much land as is currently cultivated. There wouldn't be much room left for the rainforest.
Fairtrade food is designed to raise poor farmer's incomes. It is sold at a higher price than ordinary food, with a subsidy passed back to the farmer. But prices of agricultural commodities are low because of overproduction. By propping up the price, the Fairtrade system encourages farmers to produce more of these commodities rather than diversifying into other crops and so depresses prices-- thus achieving, for most farmers, exactly the opposites of what the initiative is intended to do. And since only a small fraction of the make-up on Fairtrade foods actually goes to the farmer--most goes to the retailer--the system gives rich consumers an inflated impression of their largesse and makes alleviating poverty seem too easy.

A.어휘
rainforest (열대)우림. pesticide 농약. fertiliser 비료. assume 가정하다.
environmentally friendly 환경친화적인.
conventional intensive farming 전통적이고 집약적 농업(농약과 비료를 사용하여 생산성을 극대화하는 농업).
conventional 전통적인, intensive 강렬한. reliant 의존하다.
chemical inputs 비료, 농약 같은 화학제품 투입.
inherently 본래, 선천적으로. take it up 그것(농업)을 시작하다.
take up 시작하다. deforestation 숲(삼림)을 쳐내기. 벌목.
on a massive scale 대규모로.
following 'the green revolution' 녹색혁명이후로. triple 3배가되다.
with very little increase 별다른 증가 없이. under cultivation 耕作(경작)되는.
organic methods 유기농법. rely on 의존하다. crop rotation 輪作(윤작).
manure 人糞(인분). compost 堆肥(퇴비), 합성. in place of ...대신에.
far less intensive 훨씬 덜 생산적이다. far는 비교급 less 를 강조.
current agricultural output 현재의 농업생산량(액).
several times as much land as ...보다 몇 배나 더 많은 땅. currently 현재.
room left for the rainforest 우림을 위해 남겨 놓은 땅.
subsidy 보조금. commodity 상품, 생활용품. prop up [支柱(지주)]로 떠받치다.
rather than ...하기보다는 오히려.
diversifying into other crops 다른 작물로 전환하는 것.
diversify 변화를 주다. 다양화하다. depress prices 가격을 억제하다. exactly 정확히.
opposite 반대의 것(물건, 사람), 逆(역).
initiative 원래의 목적, 發端(발단), 창시, 주도권.
fraction 소량, 비율, 分數(분수). make-up 구성, 구조, 얼굴단장. retailer 소매상인.
inflated impression 과장된 인상, 부푼. largesse 손 크게 줌, (손 크게 주어진) 선물.
alleviate 輕減(경감)시키다, 완화시키다.

B. 구문
-buy organic, destroy the rainforest.
[유기농 식품을 사먹는 것은 (열대)우림을 파괴하는 행위와 같다.]
-But it all depends. . . .'environmentally friendly'.
[그러나 그것(유기농식품이 환경친화적이라는 것)은 당신이 “environmentally friendly'를 어떤 의미로 보느냐에 달려 있다.]
-greater use of chemical. . . . under cultivation.
[화학비료를 보다 많이 사용함으로써 경작지 면적을 증가시키지 않으면서도 식량생산을 3배로 하였다.]
-land as is currently cultivated
[현재 경작되고 있는 땅. ]
cf. as 이하는 선행사 land를 수식해주는 형용사절. as는 관계대명사.
-with a subsidy passed back. . .farmers=with a subsidy which is passed .
[농민에게 되돌아가는 보상금이 있어서.]
-thus achieving. . . intended to do.
[이리하여 (대부분의 농부들에게는) 원래 의도했던 것과는 정 반대의 것을 이루게 된다.]
cf. thus achieving=and thus achieves. achieves의 주어는 the Fairtrade system.
-the system gives . . .seem too easy.
[공정무역-거래 제도는 부유한 소비자들에게 그들의 은덕(비싸게 사주는 것)에 대해서 과장된 인상을 주고 빈곤을 줄이는 것이 대단히 쉬운 일로 보이게 한다. (소비자들은 대단히 좋은 일을 하는 것처럼 착각하고 빈곤퇴치가 대단히 쉬운 걸로 생각하게 된다.)]