[Obituary]
7. Ingmar Bergman (The Economist August 4th 2007)
Ingmar Bergman, film and theatre director, died on July 30th, aged 89

7-1-37
When he was filming 'Winter Light', in 1961, Ingmar Bergman made a tour of the churches of northern Sweden. He and his cinematographer, Sven Nykvist, would sit in the hard pews from 11 in the morning till two in the afternoon, watching the light change. In the Swedish winter, there was no sun. A dim grey illumination came from the clouds, casting no shadows. The subtleties of the shifting light entranced Mr Bergman, who decided that his whole film should be lit that way.
Strong sunlight, in contrast, filled his nightmares. A sudden lurid glare in his films--from a naked light, from an empty street--usually marked the entry into psychosis. That was why he never considered going to Hollywood to make movies, though by the 1950s his reputation as a film-maker was already impressive. He needed clouds, trees and net curtains veiling the light, softening it and making it move. He needed light in small increments: flaring and fading in paraffin lamp, or dimming with extraordinary slowness on a face (as it dimmed on Liv Ullmann's face in 'Persona') until only a silhouette was left. From childhood, he had got up at six and noted the track of light on the wall opposite his window. After two months of darkness, a thread would reappear in January.
Lack of life was reinforced, for Mr Bergman, by the isolation of Swedish life: so few people scattered over a large country, in houses here and there in the forests and fields where, round some dining table, decorous conversation hid the loneness and tension that could not be expressed. In Bergman's films, characters would often be silent, or scenes would unroll with no sound but the whimper of wind, the drip of water or, especially, the tick and chime of watches and clocks. He saw people as puppets, controlled by some pitiless force much as he, in boyhood, had controlled his own marionettes in his toy theatre, making Mr Punch jibber and squawk in nonsense-language. Life decayed towards 'a state of absolute nothingness', while his characters, clinging on, tried urgently and clumsily to communicate their feelings to each other.

A. 어휘
obituary (신문의)사망기사. Ingmar Bergman 스웨덴의 세계적인 영화감독.
make a tour of 一周(일주) 여행하다. cinematographer 촬영기사.
would sit 늘 앉아있었다. would는 과거의 불규칙적 습관 표현.
pew (교회) 가족전용석. dim 희미한. illumination 조명, 投光(투광).
subtlety 미묘, 신비, 희박. shifting light 이동하는 빛.
entrance 넋을 잃게 하다, 황홀하게 하다. light-lit-lit 밝히다. nightmare 惡夢(악몽).
lurid 타는 듯이 붉게 빛나는, 무서운. glare 눈부신 빛.
naked light 가림이 이 노출된 빛.
marked the entry into psychosis 정신이상상태로 진입하는 것을 나타냈다.
reputation 명성, 평판.
veiling the light, softening it and making it move 빛을 가려서 그것을 부드럽게 하고 그것이 움직이도록 만드는 (구름, 나무, 그물 커튼).
increment 증가, 增分(증분). flare 훨훨 타오르다. fade 사라지다. dim 희미하게 빛나다.
persona 등장인물. track 進路(진로), 자국. thread 한줄기 빛, 섬유.
lack 부족, 缺乏(결핍). reinforce 강화하다, 증대되다. scatter 흩어져 살다, 씨를 뿌리다.
decorous 예의 바른, 품행이 방정한. whimper 흐느낌.
drip 물방울 떨어지는 소리. 滴下(적하). tick 똑딱똑딱 소리, 진드기.
puppet 손가락으로 놀리는 인형=marionette.
Mr Punch 우스꽝스러운 인형극 Punch and Judy Show의 주인공. much as 꼭 ...처럼.
jibber 움찔하다, 갑자기 멈춰서다. squawk 큰소리로 떠들다. decay 쇠퇴하다.
'a state of absolute nothingness' 절대적 허무의 상태.
cling-clung-clung 달라붙다. urgently 급박하게. clumsily 어색하게, 눈치 없이.
communicate 전달하다.

B. 구문
-watching the light change.
cf. watch: 지각동사, change: 원형부정사.
[빛이 변하는 것을 지켜보면서.]
-lack of life was. . . could not be expressed.
cf. 관계부사 where(=in which)이하는 선행사 houses를 수식하는 형용사절.
[Bergman에게는 삶의 결핍(생명력의 부족)은 스웨덴사람들의 고립적인 삶 때문에 더 심화되었다: 너무나 적은 수의 사람들이 광대한 시골지역에, 식탁주위에서 주고받는 (외견상으로는) 정중한 대화 속에 말로 표현할 수 없는 고독과 정신적 긴장이 숨겨져 있는 (이곳저곳 숲과 들에 있는) 집 속에서, 흩어져 살고 있었다.]
-He saw people. . . some pitiless force.
cf. controlled→who were controlled.
[그는 사람들을 무자비한 힘에 의해서 조종되고 있는 인형으로 간주하였다.]

7-2-38
He had been brought up with Lutheranism, a pastor's son subjected to sermons, beatings and high piety, and for all his protestations his films were full of it. His trilogy of the 1960s, 'Through Class Darkly', 'Winter Light' and 'The Silence', were described by him as a 'metaphysical reduction' in which God's absence was unmasked. Without God, he turned to self-examination. His characters saw themselves through windows and in mirrors, divided selves gazing on their darker aspects or their pasts. He let his camera rest unsparingly on faces until all masks dissolved, and the lips and the eyes seemed to express some unaffected truth.

sex and wild strawberries
The man himself often lived up to his bleak dream-world: lean, intense, racked by stomach complaints, and with a special fondness for the rugged limestone island of Faro, off Sweden's east coast, where he built a low stone house on an empty sweep of rock. Though he adored film, and had done so ever since he had swapped half his tin soldiers for his big brother's magic lantern, film-making made him 'bleed too much'. Eight hours of waiting might be rewarded, he once said, with ten or 12 minutes of real creative work. He demanded total immersion both of his actors and of himself, and complete control of both the shoot and script. He was sparing both with budgets and with film, and compulsively private.

A. 어휘
Lutheranism 루터주의. pastor 주임목사. subject ...을 당하게 하다, 받게 하다.
sermon 설교. beatings 구타. piety 신심, 敬虔(경건), 충성. protestation 항의.
trilogy 3부작. darkly 음산한, 희미한. describe 말하다. metaphysical 형이상학적.
reduction 零落(영락), 축소. absence 不在(부재).
unmask 정체를 드러내다, 가면을 벗다. self-examination 自省(자성). aspect 모습. rest. . .on ...에 고정되다, 박다. unsparingly 아낌없이.
dissolve (화면이)디졸브로 되다, 오버랩하다, 溶解(용해)하다.
unaffected 있는 그대로의, 진심의, 영향을 받지 않는. bleak 황량한, 쓸쓸한, 어두운.
lean 야윈. intense 강렬한. rack 고문하다. complaint 병, 불평.
racked by stomach complaints 위장병으로 고통 받으면서. racked=being racked.
fondness 아주 좋아함. rugged 울퉁불퉁한, 바위투성이의. limestone 石灰巖(석회암).
off Sweden's east coast 스웨덴의 동부 沿岸(연안)에 떨어져 있는.
sweep 범위, 視界(시계).
on an empty sweep of rock 시야가 확 트인 巖盤(암반) 위에.
adore 숭배하다, 무척 좋아하다. swap 교환하다. tin soldier 양철병정. lantern 燈(등).
bleed-bled-bled 출혈하다. immersion 몰입, 열중. shoot 조명. script 대본.
sparing 儉約(검약)하다, 인색하다. budget 예산. compulsively 강제적으로.
private 은밀한, 비공개의.

B. 구문
-He had been brought up. . . full of it.
cf. a pastor's son subjected to→as he was a pastor's son who was subjected to →(being) a pastor's son subjected to. it→Lutheranism
[그는 목사의 아들로서 설교와 매맞음과 강렬한 신앙심을 강요하는 루터주의 분위기 속에서 양육되었고 그래서 반항적임에도 불구하고 그의 영화는 루터주의로 未滿(미만)해 있다.]
-His characters saw themselves. . . or their pasts.
cf. divided selves→who were divided selves. divided selves는 themselves와 동격.
[그의 인물들은 창문을 통해서나 거울 속에서 자신을 보며 그들은 그들 자신의 어두운 내면의 모습이나 자신의 과거를 응시하고 있는 분열된 自我(자아)들이다.]
-Eight hours of waiting. . . real creative work.
cf. be rewarded with 로 보상받다. might 추측을 의미하는 조동사.
[여덟시간의 기다림이 10내지 12분의 진정으로 창조적인 작품으로 보상받게 될 것이다. (영화촬영에 있어서 8시간 집중하면 10-12분 길이의 창조적인 영상을 찍을 수 있다.)]