8. Of Horses' teeth and liberty by Lexington
(The Economist October 27th 2007)

The home of unbridled capitalism has more red tape than you think

8-1-40
In the wild, horses eat tough grass that naturally wears down their teeth. In captivity, they are fed softer food they can eat more quickly, so their teeth grow unchecked. Unless filed down--a process known as 'floating'--they can grow too long and cut horses' cheeks. Floating is hard work. Carl Mitz has been doing it for 22 years. He calms each horse before holding its mouth open and vigorously filing its teeth by hand until they are just so. A third-generation horseman, he says he has handled 100,000 horses. His customers are satisfied, judging by the sheaf of testimonials on his desk. But the Texas State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners wants to shut him down.
Mr Mitz may be a skilled artisan, but he is not a vet. And the board says that only vets may float horses's teeth. If Mr Mitz persists in doing his job, he will be practicing veterinary medicine without a licence. The penalty could include steep fines and even prison. Mr Mitz is miffed. Even if he could get into vets' school, which he doubts, he could not possibly afford the fees. And he does not see why he should take years off work and pay tens of thousands of dollars to pursue studies that may not help him in his work. Vets' schools typically teach little about equine dentistry. 'It's ludicrous,' he says.
Mr Mitz is one of four horse-tooth floaters in Texas suing to be allowed to carry on earning a living. The case attracts few headlines, but the principle is important. Regulators should not shut down an honest business without good cause. The vets' board says letting non-vets file horses' teeth endangers the horses. Dewey Helmcamp, the executive director, says the board received half a dozen complaints in a year and a half about poor care from fly-by-night floaters. But that label hardly applies to Mr Mitz, who says he has never botched a floating. His customers fear that they may have to pay a vet more to do the less well. 'This should be my choice, not yours!!!' reads a typical letter from one of Mr Mitz' clients to the board.

A. 어휘
unbridled capitalism 고삐 풀린 자본주의. red tape (관청의)형식주의, 관료주의.
in the wild 野生(야생)에서는. wear down 닳아서 없어지다. captivity 감금.
in the captivity 사람들에게 잡혀서 살 때는. feed-fed-fed 먹이다. file 줄로 갈다.
unless filed down=unless they are filed down 이빨을 줄로 갈지 않으면.
process 과정. floating 말의 이빨을 줄로 가는 것. calm 진정시키다.
vigorously 힘차게.
until they are just so. 이빨이 그렇게(원래 모습대로 알맞게)될 때까지.
horseman 調馬師(조마사). testimonial 증명서, 추천장, 감사장.
sheaf 다발, 묶음. state 州(주). board 위원회.
veterinary medical examiner 獸醫學檢査官(수의검사관). artisan 기술자, 미술공예가.
vet=veterinarian 獸醫(수의). persist in 고집하다, 관철하다.
practice veterinary medicine 수의 의료업을 개업하다. penalty 刑罰(형벌).
steep 엄청난. fine 벌금. miff 발끈하다. afford (경제적) 여유가 있다. fee 수업료.
take years off work 몇 년 동안 일을 쉬다. tens of thousands of dollars 수만 달라.
vets' school 수의과 대학. equine 馬(마). dentistry 치의학.
ludicrous 바보 같은, 익살스러운. sue 소송을 제기하다. carry on 계속하다, 경영하다.
The case attracts few headlines. 그 소송사건은 언론의 주목을 받지 못하고 있다.
regulator 규정자, 단속자. executive director 행정부장(소장). complaint 불평, 고소.
in a year and a half 1년 반 동안에. fly-by-night 믿지 못할, 무책임한, 야반도주의.
label 꼬리표, 호칭. apply to 적용되다. botch 실수하다, 망쳐놓다. client 단골 손님.

B. 구문
-His customers are satisfied. . . on his desk.
cf. 독립분사구문: 분사구문에서 주절의 주어와 분사의 주어가 다른 구문.
When the sun shone again, we walked in the park.
→The sun shining again, we walked in the park.
cf. 무인칭독립분사구문: 독립분사구문에서 분사의 주어가 일반사람일 때는 삭제.
If we speak strictly, he is liar. →Strictly speaking, he is a liar.
His customers are satisfied, if we judge by the sheaf of testimonials.
→His customers are satisfied, judging by the sheaf of testimonials.
[그의 책상 위에 놓여 있는 (고객들이 보내온) 추천장(감사장) 다발로 판단해 보면 그의 고객들이 만족하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있다.]
-Mr Mitz is one of. . . earning a living.
cf. suing→who sue
[Mitz씨는 생업을 계속할 수 있도록 허용해달라고 소송을 제기하고 있는 텍사스의 네 명의 말 이빨 가는 사람 중의 하나이다.]
-The vets' board. . . endangers the horses.
cf. letting 사역동사, file 원형부정사.
[수의사 위원회는 수의사자격증이 없는 사람에게 말의 이빨을 갈도록 허용하는 것은 말에게 위험하다고 말하였다.]
-pay a vet. . . do the less well.
cf. well 만족스러움, 좋음, 소망스러움. the less well 덜 만족스러운 것.
[덜 만족스러운 일(이빨 가는 것)을 하는 것에 대해서 수의사에게 더 많은 돈을 지불하다.(무자격자보다 치료는 잘 못하면서 수의사라고 해서 돈은 더 많이 받는 것.)]

8-2-41
Supporting Mr Mitz's lawsuit is a group called the Institute for Justice, which fights affronts to economic freedom, such as licensing rules designed to protect incumbents from competition. These typically purport to protect consumers, but often serve mainly to jack up prices by deterring newcomers from setting up shop. In Minnesota, for example, the state board of barbers and cosmetologists barred African hair-braiders from braiding hair unless they underwent 1,500 hours of irrelevant training, until the institute took up their case and won.
For competition-shy incumbents, no risk is so trivial that government action is not required to avert it. In four states, you need a licence to practice interior design. In several more, you can do the job but you can't advertise yourself as an 'interior designer' unless you pass a state-mandated test (of fabulous taste, presumably). The only people lobbying for such regulations are established interior designers. The net result is less competition and higher prices. But with no one organised to lobby against them, the rules often pass.

A. 어휘
lawsuit 訴訟(소송). institute 협회, 연구소, 전문학교. affront 무례한 언동, 치욕.
licensing rules 면허규정. incumbent 現職(현직).
to protect incumbents from competition 현직 수의사들을 경쟁으로부터 보호하기 위하여.
purport 이라고 알려져 있다, 이라고 칭하다. jack up (가격을) 끌어올리다.
deter...from (위협, 공포로) 그만 두게 하다. barber 이발사. cosmetologist 미용사.
bar...from 막다, 금지하다. hair-braider 머리를 땋는 사람. undergo (훈련을) 받다.
irrelevant 관계가 없는, 엉뚱한.
until the institute took up the case and won 협회가 소송을 맡아서 승소할 때까지는. trivial 사소한. require 필요로 하다, 요구하다.
avert ...을 돌리다, 비키다, 피하다. mandate 통치를 위임하다, 명령하다.
state-mandated test 州(주)당국이 위임하는 시험. fabulous 터무니없는. taste 내용, 맛.
presumably 아마. the only people lobbying...=the only people that lobby...
established 기존의, 확립된. net 에누리 없는, 正(정)... cf. the net price 正價(정가).

B. 구문
-But with no one to lobby. . . the rules often pass.
[규정을 반대하기 위해서 로비하는 사람(집단)이 없으면 규정은 종종 통과된다.]
cf. 독립분사구문의 부대상황: 독립분사구문에서 두개 이상의 상황이 동시에 일어나는 현상.
The man sat on the grass, and his eyes were closed.
→The man sat on the grass, his eyes being closed.
→The man sat on the grass with his (being)closed.
→With his eyes closed, the man sat on the grass.
*Susan went out of the door with her dog following.
*with+NOUN+-ing/p.p→독립분사구문의 부대상황