11-3-52
Modern Darwinism's big breakthrough was the identification of the central role of trust in human evolution. People who are related collaborate on the basis of nepotism. It takes outrageous profit or provocation for someone to do down a relative with whom they share a lot of genes. Trust, though, allows the unrelated to collaborate, by keeping score of who does what and when, and punishing cheats.
Very few animals can manage this. Indeed, outside the primates, only vampire bats have been shown to trust non-relatives routinely. (Well-fed bats will give some of the blood they have swallowed to hungry neighbours, but expect the favour to be returned when they are hungry and will deny favours to those who have cheated in the past.) The human mind, however, seems to have evolved the trick of being able to identify a large number of individuals and to keep score of its relations with them, detecting the dishonest or greedy and taking vengeance, even at some cost to itself. This process may even be--as Matt Ridley, who wrote for this newspaper a century and a half after Spencer, described it--the origin of virtue.

A. 어휘
breakthrough 방위선돌파, 난관의 타개, 비약적 발전. identification 확인.
the identification of the central role of trust in human evolution 인류진화에 있어서 (인간상호간의) 신뢰의 중심적 역할을 확인한 것.
nepotism 연고자 登用(등용). outrageous 도리에 어긋난, 극악한.
provocation 화나게 하기, 도발. do down 속이다, 속여서 이득을 보다.
relative 친척. share 共有(공유)하다. the unrelated 연줄관계가 없는 사람.
keep score of 점검하다, 추적하다.
by keeping score of who does what and when, and punishing cheats. 누가 언제 무엇을 하는지를 점검하고 속이는 자를 처벌함으로써. cf. does→collaborate.
outside primates 靈長類(영장류)외에는. vampire bats 흡혈박쥐.
non-relative 친척이 아닌 자. routinely 일상적으로. well-fed 잘 먹은, 영양이 충분한. swallow 삼키다.
expect the favor to be returned 베푼 은혜를 되 갚아 받기를 기대한다.
trick 秘法(비법). relation 친척. detect 간파하다.
the dishonest or greedy 정직하지 않거나 탐욕스러운 자. itself → the human mind
this newspaper→the Economist. the origin of virtue 미덕의 기원.

B. 구문
-It takes outrageous profit. . . they share a lot of genes.
cf. it takes...이 필요하다.
[유전인자를 공유하는 친척을 속인다는 것은 도리에 극악한 이윤취득 행위이고 도발 행위이다.(친척을 속이면 용서받기 힘들다).]
-The human mind, however, seems. . . at some cost to itself.
cf. to+have+pp. →완료부정사: 본동사 보다 한 시제 앞선다.
The human mind seems to have evolved. . .
→It seems that the human mind has evolved. . .
ex. It seems that he was (has been) a school teacher.
→He seems to have been a school teacher. (완료부정사)
It seems that he is a school teacher.
→He seems to be a school teacher. (단순부정사):부정사의 시제=본동사시제)
[인간은 많은 개체의 정체를 확인하고 정직하지 못하거나 탐욕스러운 자들을 탐지해서 다소의 희생을 감수하고서라도 그들에게 보복할 수 있는 기술을 진화시켜왔던 것처럼 보인다.]

11-4-53
The new social Darwinists (those who see society itself, rather than savannah or the jungle, as the 'natural' environment in which humanity is evolving and to which natural selection responds) have not abandoned Spencer altogether, of course. But they have put a new spin on him. The ranking by way of which Spencer so approved is but one example of a wider tendency for people to try to out-do each other. And that competition, whether athletic, artistic or financial, does seem to be about genetic display. Unfakeable demonstrations of superiority that has at least some underlying genetic component are almost unfailingly attractive to the opposite sex. Thus both of the things needed to make an economy work, collaboration and competition, seem to have evolved under Charles Darwin's penetrating gaze.

Dystopia and Utopia
This is a view full of ironies, of course. One is that its reconciliation of competition and collaboration bears a remarkable similarity to the sort of Hegelian synthesis beloved of Marxists. Perhaps a bigger one, though, is that the Earth's most capitalist country, America, is the only place in the rich world that contains a significant group of dissenters from any sort of evolutionary explanation of human behaviour at all. But it is also, in its way, a comforting view. It suggests a constant struggle, not for existence itself, but between selfishness and altruism--a struggle that neither can win. Utopia may be impossible, but Dystopia is unstable, too, as the collapse of Marxism showed. Human nature is not, to use another of Spencer's favorite phrases (though one borrowed from Tennyson, his poetical contemporary), red in tooth and claw, and societies built around the idea that it is are doomed to early failure.

A. 어휘
natural selection 自然淘汰(자연도태). abandon 단념하다.
put a new spin on him 그에게 새로운 힘(회전력)을 주다. ranking 등급 매기기. 순위.
approve 승인하다. out-do 능가하다. competition 경쟁. genetic display 유전적 과시.
unfakeable 숨길 수 없는, 模造(모조)할 수 없는. superiority 優越(우월), 우위.
unfakeable demonstrations of superiority 우월성의 확실한 과시. component 성분.
some underlying genetic component 어떤 근본적인 유전 성분.
the opposite sex 상대방(남성/여성). penetrating 예리한, 관통하는, 통찰력이 있는.
dystopia 결함사회, 살기 어려운 곳. reconciliation 화해.
bears a remarkable similarity 주목할만한 類似性(유사성)을 가지고 있다.
synthesis beloved of Marxists 막스주의자들이 사랑하는 종합. cf. beloved of(by) ...에 의해 사랑 받다.
significant 중요한. dissenter 반대자.
dissenters from any sort of evolutionary explanation of human behaviour at all
인간행동에 대한 어떤 종류의 진화론적 설명에도 전적으로 반대하는 사람들.
cf. 명사화 구문→문장을 명사구로 변형.
ex. He explains human behaviour→His explanation of human behaviour.
constant struggle 끊임없는 투쟁. altruism 利他主義(이타주의). collapse 崩壞(붕괴).
contemporary 同時代人(동시대인). claw (짐승의) 갈고리 발톱. doom 운명짓다.

B. 구문
-The ranking by way of which. . . for people to try to out-do each other.
[Spencer 크게 인정하였던 등급 매기기는 인간이 타인을 능가하려는 보다 큰 경향의 한 가지 예에 불과하다.]
-Thus both of the things needed . . .doomed to early failure.
cf. both of the things→collaboration and competition
[그래서 경제가 작동하도록 하기 위해서 필요한 두 가지 사물, 즉 협동과 경쟁은 다윈의 예리한 注視(주시)하에(다윈의 진화론 원칙에 따라서) 진화해 왔던 것처럼 보인다.]
-Human nature is not, to use another . . . doomed to early failure.
cf. to use→if we use.
the idea that it is→the idea that human nature is red in tooth and claw.
[Spencer가 애호하는 어구 중에서 또 하나를 사용하자면(이 말은 비록 그와 동시대의 시인이었던 Tennyson의 시에서 빌려온 것이지만), 인간의 본성은 (피나는 경쟁 때문에) 이빨과 발톱이 피가 묻어서 붉지는 않으며 인간의 본성이 피로 물들어 있다는 사상에 따라 건설된 사회는 빨리 망할 운명에 처하게 된다.]

11-5-54
Of the three great secular faiths born in the 19th century--Darwinism, Marxism and Freudianism-- the second died swiftly and painfully and the third is slipping peacefully away. But Darwinism goes from strength to strength. If its ideas are right, the handful of dust that evolution has shaped into humanity will rarely stray too far off course. And that is, perhaps, a hopeful thought to carry into the New Year.

A. 어휘
secular 세속의, 비종교적인. faith 신앙, 신조, 교리, 충성. swiftly 신속하게.
slip away 사라지다. goes from strength to strength 점점 더 강해지다.
the handful of dust that evolution has shaped into humanity 진화과정에서 인류 속에 형성된 한줌의 먼지(바람지하지 못한 것). stray 정도를 벗어나다, 길을 잃다.
will rarely stray too far off course 진화의 코스에서 너무 멀리 벗어나지는 않을 것이다.