19. Leo Tolstoy's Resurrection (Oxford World's Classics)

With an Introduction by Richard F. Gustafson

19-1-72
Ten years after having completed Anna Karenina and beginning A Confession, a work which inaugurated a period of intense involvement in social, moral and religious issues, Tolstoy set out to write what was to become another ten years later(1899) his last novel, Resurrection. The first impulse to return to novel form came with a story he heard from his lawyer friend Koni in 1887. An orphan girl, brought up by a wealthy lady, was seduced and abandoned by a visiting relative of her benefactor. Upon hearing her pregnancy, the lady drove the girl from her house. The girl who was forced to prostitution, was subsequently charged with stealing money in a brothel and brought to trial. One of the members of the jury turned out to be her seducer who, his conscience now awakened, offered to marry her, but her death from typhoid made this impossible.
This tale moved Tolstoy because it resonated with his own past sexual indiscretions, the liaison with a peasant girl which he explored in 1889 in his story The Devil and his seduction of Gasha, his aunt's maid, who was then driven out of the house and came to grief. Psychologically Resurrection began with the author's guilt, the nobleman's repentance of his sexual violence of an innocent peasant woman.

A. 어휘
resurrection 復活(부활). complete 완성하다. 'A Confession' 懺悔錄(참회록).
work 작품. inaugurate 개시하다, 취임하다. intense 강렬한. involvement 연루, 참여.
issue 문제, 논쟁. set out 착수하다. impulse 자극, 충격. orphan 고아.
seduce 유혹하다. relative 친척. abandon 버리다. benefactor 은인.
upon hearing 듣자 말자. pregnancy 임신. prostitution 賣春(매춘).
subsequently 뒤에, 직후에. 그 결과로.
be charged with ...로 起訴(기소)되다. brothel 매춘굴.
be brought to trial 재판에 回附(회부)되다. jury 배심원. turn out 판명되다.
seducer 유혹한 사람. awaken 覺醒(각성)하다. typhoid 장티푸스.
resonate 反響(반향)하다, 共鳴(공명)하다. indiscretions 무분별한 행위, 지각없는 짓.
liaison 간통, 密通(밀통), 연락. peasant 농부, 小農(소농). explore 탐색하다.
devil 악마. seduction 유혹. maid 하녀. grief 슬픔. guilt 죄. repentance 懺悔(참회).

B. 구문
-Ten years after having. . . his last novel, 'Resurrection'.
cf. be + to 부정사→ 미래, 가능, 의도, 운명, 의무 등을 의미.
. what was to become→ what would become
. 완료동명사(having + pp.)→ 본동사 보다 시제가 앞선다.
ex. I am ashamed of having been lazy.=I am ashamed that I was (have been) lazy.
[“안나 카레니나”를 완성하고 사회적, 종교적, 종교적인 문제에 깊이 관여하게되는 시기를 시작시킨 작품인 “참회록”의 집필을 시작한 지 10년 후에 톨스토이는 또 10년 뒤에 그의 마지막 소설이 될 예정인 ”부활“의 집필에 착수하였다.]
-his conscience now awakened
→ as his conscience now was awakened
→his conscience now being awakened
→his conscience now awakened
[그의 양심이 깨어났기 때문에.]

19-2-73
Resurrection is more informed by Tolstoy‘s social, moral, and religious views than any of his other fictional works.***
This world-view is shaped by one central concept which first surfaced in Tolstoy's essays on education in the 1860s and then, especially in the resurrection decade, came to dominate his social and political thought. This concept, nasilie, which can be translated as both 'coercion' and 'violence' and ranges from the physical to the spiritual, assumes, in the manner of Tolstoy's adolescent idol Rousseau, a fundamental innocence and goodness of human beings which is distorted by culture and social institutions. Tolstoy's harsh view of educated society as selfish and hypocritical rests on his belief that the educational system does violence to the innocent by inculcating them with false ideas. Secular society, shaped by these ideas, upholds a perverted notion of human relationships grounded in a glorification of power and dominated by a politics of sexuality which is debasing to women. The art of this secular society 'infects' it with these ideals. The government of this society is the institutional embodiment of the fundamental coercion/violence; it is held together by the basic instrument of nasilie, the military, which itself is a system that turns innocent drafted men into monstrous beasts. The non-military institution that most embodies this nasilie is the legal system with its courts and penal institutions. The Church, which should uphold the basic teachings of Christ, in fact mocks them by condoning war and the military, by supporting the legal system, penal incarceration, and capital punishment and by itself befuddling the minds of the people through intoxicating liturgies and pompous ceremonies. Society can be redeemed from this order of nasilie only when all acknowledge their involvement in it and agree to stop hating, torturing, enslaving, fornicating, and killing. It is this world-view that controls Resurrection.

A. 어휘
be informed by 정보를 제공받다. fictional works 소설. world-view 世界觀(세계관).
concept 개념. surface 표면에 나타나다. resurrection decade “부활”집필 10년 동안.
dominate 좌우하다, 주도하다.
nasilie 원래는 그 목적과 의도가 순수하였으나 집행과정에서 국민을 억압하게된 모든 사회제도.
translate 번역하다. coercion 抑壓(억압), 强壓(강압).
range from A to B 범위가 A에서 B까지 걸치다. assume 가정하다, 간주하다.
in the manner of ...風(풍)에 따라서. adolescent 청년기의. idol 偶像(우상).
in the manner of Tolstoy's adolescent idol Rousseau 톨스토이의 젊은 시절의 우상 루소의 사상을 따라서.
fundamental 근본적인. innocence 순결, 天眞爛漫(천진난만). goodness 선량.
distort 일그러지게 하다. institution 제도. harsh view 부정적인 관점.
hypocritical 僞善的(위선적)인. rest on 論據(논거)를 두다.
the innocent 죄가 없는 사람들, 결백한 사람들. cf. the + 형용사→ 복수보통명사.
inculcate 되풀이하여 가르치다, 마음에 심어주다, 洗腦(세뇌)시키다.
false ideas 잘 못된 사상. secular 세속의, 비종교적인, 이 세상의.
uphold 떠받치다, 지지하다, 찬성하다. pervert 빗나가다, 왜곡하다, 악용하다.
notion 개념, 생각. ground ...에 기초를 두다. glorification 찬양, 美化(미화).
power 권력. debase [인격, 품성, 位階(위계)를] 떨어뜨리다, 천하게 하다.
infect 병균으로 오염시키다. institutional embodiment 제도적 化身(화신).
instrument 도구, 기구. the military 군대. drafted men 징병된 사람들.
monstrous 끔찍스러운, 極惡無道(극악무도)한. beast 짐승. embody 구체화하다.
legal system 법률제도. penal institutions 형벌기관. mock 조롱하다.
condone 눈감아 주다, 용서하다. incarceration 投獄(투옥), 감금.
capital punishment 死刑(사형). befuddle (술로) 정신을 혼미하게 하다, 만취시키다.
intoxicate 陶醉(도취)시키다. liturgy 예배식, 典禮(전례). pompous 화려한.
ceremony 儀式(의식). redeem 구원하다. order 상태. acknowledge 인정하다.
involvement 連累(연루). torture 고문하다. enslave 노예로 만들다.
fornicate 간통하다.