19-19-90
Now a weak old man, his duty is to keep political prisoners--men and women-- in solitary confinement in such a way that half of them perished within ten years: some going out of their minds, some dying of consumption, some committing suicide by starving themselves, cutting their veins with bits of glass, hanging themselves, or burning themselves to death,

The old man accomplishes this task by strict observations of 'all the regulations which were prescribed 'from above'', to which he 'ascribed a special importance, considering that everything else in the world might be changed' except them. Nekhlyudov's petitions to him, needless to say, go unheard; he closes his eyes and takes a rest from thinking.**

A. 어휘
political prisoners 政治犯(정치범). solitary 혼자의, 고독한. confinement 감금, 한정.
perish 죽다, 消滅(소멸)하다. go out of their minds 미치다. die of ...로 죽다.
consumption 소비, 消耗(소모), 폐결핵. commit suicide 자살하다. starve 굶다.
starve themselves 단식하다. vein 정맥, 혈관, 성질.
hang-hanged-hanged 목매달다. cf. hang-hung-hung 걸다. strict 엄격한.
observation 준수, 관찰. regulation 規程(규정), 法規(법규). prescribe 規定(규정)하다.
ascribe... to ...의 탓으로 하다. ...에 속하는 것으로 생각하다.
petition 請願(청원), 청원서. go unheard 들어 주지 않는다.

B. 구문
- The old man accomplishes. . . except them.
[ 그 노인(퇴역장군)은 上部(상부)에서 규정한 모든 법규를 철저하게 준수함으로써 이 임무(죄수들을 무자비하게 다루는 것)를 완수한다. 그는 법규를 제외하고는 세상의 모든 것은 변화할 것이라고 생각하기 때문에 법규에 특별한 중요성을 부여하였다.]

19-20-91
One of the most compelling issues of the last decade of the century was the growth in revolutionary activity. Tolstoy's interest in this important social tendency motivated his decision to have Maslova sent to Siberia along with the political prisoners, thus allowing him to place her among typical revolutionaries, whose portraits are more nuanced than those of the oppressors. One such, Nabatov, a peasant, advances in school but refuses to attend the university, so that he can 'go to the people', bringing his brethren the enlightenment he believes they need. Arrested many times, he never grows embittered, continues his activities wherever he is, and believes in a revolution which will not 'break down the whole edifice', but only 'alter the inner walls of the beautiful, strong, colossal old structure he loved so dearly'. His religion focuses not on metaphysical questions like the existence of God ,but on the moral issues of how best to live, buttressed by a firm belief that, just as in the animal and vegetable world nothing ceases to exist but continually changes its form, so also will it be with man. Thus Tolstoy endeavors to create a rounded and believable, if idealized, figure, even as he takes pains to balance this positive image of a peasant revolutionary by a negative one. Markel Kondratyev, a factory worker who had a sense of being wronged from the age of 15, discovers the possibility of freedom from his oppression through the acquisition of knowledge; he reads Marx, vehemently rejects and ridicules all religion, and with his mentor Novodvorov believes in seizing power from the government and then exercising it for the 'people'. Through these portraits Tolstoy conveys his sympathy for the revolutionary movements as well as his concern that they too may lead to nasilie.

A. 어휘
compelling issues 강압적이어서 피할 수 없는 문제.
the last decade of the century 19세기의 마지막 10년(1890년대)
revolutionary activity 혁명활동. tendency 경향. 趨勢(추세), 風潮(풍조).
motivate 동기를 부여하다, 자극하다, 유발하다. typical 전형적인.
revolutionary 혁명가. brethren 동포. enlightenment 啓蒙(계몽).
arrest 체포하다. embitter 쓰라리게 하다. alter 개조하다, 바꾸다.
edifice [神殿(신전), 궁전 같은] 대건축물, 조직, 체계. colossal 거대한, 어마어마한.
dearly 극진히. metaphysical 형이상학적인. existence 존재.
moral issues 도덕적인 문제. buttress 버팀벽으로 받치다, 지지물. firm 확고한.
cease 중지하다. endeavor 노력하다. rounded 원만한. figure 인물.
takes pains 苦心(고심)하다. peasant revolutionary 소작농출신 혁명가.
a sense of being wronged 학대당하였다는 느낌. acquisition 획득.
vehemently 맹렬하게. reject 거부하다. ridicule 비웃다. mentor 助言者조언자).
seize power 권력을 빼앗다. exercise 사용하다. convey 전달하다.

B. 구문
- his decision . . . to Siberia.
cf. have + 목적어 + pp.→ ...을 하도록 시키다.
ex. I had my car washed.→ I had Tom wash my car.
. Maslova를 시베리아로 보내려는 그의 결정.
- so that he can . . . he believes they need.
cf. so that 그 결과, 그러므로(접속사). cf. bringing→and he can bring
[그 결과 그는 ‘인민들에게로 갈 수 있고’ 그들이 필요하다고 그가 믿는 계몽을 동포들에게 가져올 수 있다.]
- Arrested many times, he never grows . . .
cf. Though he was arrested→Having been arrested→Arrested.
* having+been+ pp.→완료분사구문 (주절의 본동사보다 한 시제 앞선다)
. 여러 번 체포당하였지만 그는 결코 비통해하지 않는다.
- a revolution which will not . . . he loved so dearly.
[대건축물(국가체제)전체를 붕괴시키지는 않고 그가 극진히 사랑하였던 아름답고 강하고 거대한 옛 구조물의 내부의 벽을 변경시키는 혁명.]
- a firm belief that . . . will it be with man.
[ 동물과 식물의 세계에서 어떤 것도 생존을 중단하지 않고 단지 형태를 끊임없이 변화시키는 것처럼 인간의 세계도 그와 같을 것이라는 확고한 믿음.]